Turquoise has long been revered as a significant gemstone, holding a prominent place in human history and culture. Recognized as a traditional birthstone for December, it boasts a rich and fascinating past, filled with myths, beliefs, and practical applications. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of turquoise, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
Turquoise is considered one of the world’s oldest gem materials, with evidence of its use dating back millennia. Archaeological discoveries in western Iran reveal turquoise artifacts in burial sites dating as far back as 7000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai region around 5500 BCE, considering it a holy stone associated with good luck, fertility, vegetation, joy, and delight. The stone was particularly linked to the goddess Hathor, and Egyptians fashioned it into amulets, beads, and other small objects.
Ancient China also embraced turquoise, with artisans carving the stone over 3,000 years ago. The gem’s name itself originates from the French expression “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” a term that emerged in the 13th century, reflecting the likely route through which the material first arrived in Europe.
Throughout history, turquoise has been attributed with protective qualities. From the 13th century onward, it was believed to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly from horses, and was thought to fracture at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring immense wealth.
Native American tribes in the southwestern United States held turquoise in high regard, utilizing it as a ceremonial gem and a medium of exchange. The Apache believed one could locate turquoise by following a rainbow to its end, and that attaching the stone to a bow or firearm would enhance accuracy. The Pueblo people associated the gem’s color with the sky, while the Hopi believed it was created by lizards scurrying across the earth.
In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially named turquoise as one of the birthstones for December, solidifying its place in modern birthstone tradition. It is also recognized as the stone for the 11th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of other minerals. Geologists describe it as a copper aluminum phosphate, created when chemicals seep from surrounding rocks through rainwater and groundwater in semi-humid and dry environments where rock is present. The distinctive blue hue of turquoise is primarily attributed to the presence of copper, while iron contributes to greenish shades, and zinc can result in yellowish tones. The veined appearance often seen in turquoise is due to remnants of the host rock from which it formed.
Significant sources of turquoise are found across the globe. Historically and currently, Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States of America are all known for turquoise deposits.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, ranging in color from brilliant blue to green. The most desirable colors today are often referred to as Robin's Egg Blue, Sky Blue, or Persian Blue. However, the color of turquoise can change over time due to its porous nature and its ability to absorb body oils and moisture.
On the Mohs hardness scale, turquoise registers between 5 and 6, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This lower hardness means it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Common treatments for turquoise include waxing, dyeing, and stabilization. These treatments are employed to enhance color, improve durability, and fill any voids within the stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and to possess protective powers against harm. These beliefs extend across diverse cultures, from ancient Egypt to Native American traditions and medieval European folklore. The stone’s association with the sky and water in some cultures further reinforces its connection to life-giving forces and spiritual well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, turquoise requires gentle care. It is susceptible to scratching and can be affected by prolonged exposure to sunlight, oils, and chemicals. Cleaning turquoise jewelry should be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners should be avoided. It is also advisable to store turquoise jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones throughout human history. From its ancient origins in burial sites and royal adornments to its modern status as a December birthstone, turquoise continues to captivate with its unique color, rich symbolism, and fascinating lore. Its association with protection, good fortune, and spiritual well-being ensures its continued significance for generations to come.