December is a month rich in celebration and, as it turns out, in birthstone options. While traditionally associated with Turquoise, December now boasts a selection of gems including Zircon, Tanzanite, and, interestingly, a connection to Sapphire. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these December birthstones, drawing upon available information to provide a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the significance of these captivating gems.
A History of Shifting Associations
The designation of birthstones has evolved over time, with early lists often rooted in biblical references. Initially, Ruby was associated with December, stemming from interpretations of gemstones mentioned in Biblical texts. However, the modern birthstone list has undergone several revisions. In 1870, Tiffany & Co. popularized Turquoise as a December birthstone through their “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) solidified Turquoise as the primary December gem, with Lapis Lazuli listed as an alternative. Further additions occurred in 1952 with the inclusion of Zircon, and most recently, in 2002, Tanzanite was added to the official list. This evolution demonstrates the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions and the influence of both historical precedent and contemporary discoveries.
The Trio of Primary December Birthstones
Today, December is uniquely represented by three primary birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each gem possesses distinct characteristics and a unique appeal.
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Traditions
Turquoise has the longest-standing association with December, consistently appearing on birthstone lists since the late 19th century. Its name derives from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gem often entered Europe through Turkey. Historically, Turquoise was cherished by ancient cultures for its spiritual and healing qualities.
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its relatively recent discovery means it lacks the extensive lore of older gems, but its captivating violet-blue shimmer, often compared to sapphire, has quickly established its popularity. Legend surrounds its discovery, with some believing a Masai tribesman stumbled upon unusually colored crystals revealed by a lightning-induced wildfire that naturally heat-treated the gems.
Zircon: A Colorful Alternative
Zircon, particularly blue zircon, is another significant December birthstone. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural zircon is a distinct gemstone with a long history of use. It occurs in a variety of colors, including golden, red, and clear, with the blue variety being particularly favored as a December birthstone. Zircon is known for its brilliance and is second only to diamond in hardness, making it a durable choice for jewelry.
Sapphire’s Indirect Link to December
While not directly listed as a primary December birthstone in modern charts, Sapphire does have a historical connection to the month. Some older birthstone lists, based on Aaron’s breastplate gemstones or the gems from the foundation of New Jerusalem from the bible, designated Sapphire as a special apostle birthstone for December. This association highlights the historical fluidity of birthstone assignments and the enduring appeal of Sapphire as a precious gem.
Geological Origins and Mining Locations
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise is formed in relatively dry, arid regions, often in association with copper deposits. Significant sources include the United States, Iran, and China. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. Zircon, on the other hand, is found in a variety of locations, including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia, often near sapphire deposits.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each December birthstone possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and durability.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue-green, sky blue, greenish-gray | 1.61 - 1.62 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5 - 7 | Violet-blue, deep blue, purple | 1.48 - 1.69 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6 - 7.5 | Blue, golden, red, clear, brown | 1.81 - 2.02 |
Turquoise, with a hardness of 5-6, is relatively soft and requires careful handling. Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6.5-7, is more durable but still susceptible to scratching. Zircon, ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, is a relatively hard and durable gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these December birthstones carries symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and good fortune. Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and intuition, connecting to both heavens and life-giving water. Blue zircon is thought to bring prosperity and wisdom. The blue color common to these stones is often associated with tranquility, peace, and emotional stability. Tanzanite’s colors – blue and purple – also carry specific symbolism, with blue representing spirituality and purple signifying nobility and strength.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be protected from rough conditions. Cleaning can be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended. Turquoise is porous and can be affected by chemicals and oils, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild water. Tanzanite is generally stable but can be damaged by prolonged exposure to heat or harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning with a soft brush and mild soap is recommended.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and with a historical nod to Sapphire – offer a diverse range of colors, properties, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient traditions surrounding Turquoise to the modern allure of Tanzanite and the enduring brilliance of Zircon, these gems provide a wealth of options for those born in the final month of the year. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and historical significance allows for a deeper appreciation of these captivating stones and their enduring appeal.