December is a month celebrated with festivities and marked by a unique selection of birthstones: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. These gemstones, each possessing distinct characteristics and histories, offer a spectrum of blue and violet hues that reflect the cool tones of the winter season. While traditionally associated with wisdom, protection, and good fortune, these gems continue to captivate with their beauty and enduring symbolism.
A Historical Tapestry
The history of December’s birthstones is diverse, spanning millennia and cultures. Turquoise, arguably the oldest of the three, has been prized for thousands of years. Evidence of its use dates back to ancient Egypt, where it adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, and it held significant cultural importance for Native American tribes of the Southwest, who associated it with youth and strength. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting the route through which these gems initially reached Europe. Ancient civilizations believed turquoise possessed protective powers, guarding against danger and bringing good fortune, and it was often incorporated into amulets and inscribed with protective symbols. Tibetans considered turquoise a symbol of fortune, health, and success, even utilizing it as a form of currency.
Zircon, while gaining official recognition as a December birthstone in 1952, also boasts a long history. Historically, it was associated with strength and protection.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro. Its relatively recent discovery distinguishes it from the ancient legacy of turquoise.
Geological Origins and Sources
The geological origins of these birthstones are as varied as their histories. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. Its color is derived from the presence of copper, while aluminum and other minerals contribute to its structural composition. Historically, significant sources included Persia and the Sinai Peninsula, but today, major deposits are found in the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral found in a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It occurs in many colors, but the blue varieties are specifically linked to December’s birthstone designation.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is exceptionally rare, found in only a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its value and exclusivity.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise is known for its distinctive opaque blue-green hues, though color variations can range from robin’s-egg blue to a greenish-blue. It is relatively soft, making it susceptible to scratching and requiring careful handling.
Zircon exhibits a remarkable “fire,” or dispersion, often mistaken for diamond. It can be found in a wide range of colors, but the blue varieties are most commonly associated with December.
Tanzanite is celebrated for its trichroism, meaning it displays different colors—blue, purple, or burgundy—depending on the viewing angle. This phenomenon adds to its allure and complexity. It is a relatively hard gemstone, making it suitable for various jewelry settings.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue-Green | 5-6 | Hydrated Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Opaque, often with matrix inclusions |
| Zircon | Blue (among other colors) | 6.5-7.5 | Zirconium Silicate (ZrSiO₄) | High dispersion ("fire") |
| Tanzanite | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | 6-7 | Calcium Aluminum Silicate (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)) | Trichroism (pleochroism) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to ward off danger and bring good fortune. It was thought to preserve relationships and warn its wearer of impending illness or danger by changing color.
Zircon was historically associated with strength and protection.
Tanzanite, while newer to the world of symbolism, is often linked to transformation and spiritual growth. Its vibrant color is believed to inspire creativity and enhance intuition.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Zircon is more durable but should still be protected from scratches and impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite, while relatively hard, can be brittle and susceptible to chipping. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. It is also advisable to have tanzanite jewelry professionally cleaned and inspected periodically. Imitations of these stones, such as dyed howlite for turquoise or coated quartz for tanzanite, require even more careful handling as the coatings can be easily damaged.
Modern Uses and Gift Giving
Today, December birthstones continue to be popular choices for jewelry and gifts. They are incorporated into a wide range of designs, from classic rings and necklaces to contemporary earrings and bracelets. These gemstones also find use in DIY jewelry projects, meditation practices, and as decorative display pieces. The versatility of each stone allows for a wide range of applications, making them thoughtful and personal gifts for those born in December. Displaying a birthstone in a frame or shadow box, or adding it to a collection of monthly stones, are also popular ways to appreciate their beauty.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient protective powers attributed to turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite and the fiery brilliance of zircon, these gems offer a unique and meaningful connection to the month of December. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their historical significance, or their perceived metaphysical properties, these sparkling stones continue to enchant and inspire.