December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by not one, but a selection of four recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. This abundance offers a diverse range of choices in color, price, and personal meaning, catering to a variety of tastes and histories. These gems, steeped in history and symbolism, continue to captivate and inspire, making them ideal choices for both meaningful gifts and treasured personal adornments.
A History Rooted in Tradition and Modern Discovery
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month dates back to ancient times, evolving through biblical references and medieval practices. While the concept has shifted over centuries, the enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their perceived metaphysical properties and the personal connection they offer. December’s birthstones reflect this evolution, encompassing both ancient traditions and more recent discoveries.
Turquoise, with a history stretching back millennia, was prized by ancient Egyptians, adorning even the burial mask of King Tut. Ancient Asian cultures utilized turquoise in intricate carvings, while Native American tribes, particularly those of the southwestern United States, incorporated it into jewelry for its symbolic, mystical, and ceremonial importance. It has long been associated with friendship, good fortune, health, protection, and peace.
Zircon, celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, lending it significant historical and geological value. Alongside turquoise, zircon has long been considered a traditional December birthstone, offering a blue hue representative of the winter season.
Tanzanite is a more recent addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in the late 20th century near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its unique blue to violet color and limited source have quickly established it as a highly prized gemstone.
Blue topaz, known for its calm, serene colors, rounds out the selection, offering an affordable and beautiful option.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
The geological formation of these December birthstones varies significantly, contributing to their unique properties and geographic distribution.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with aluminum and phosphorus-bearing rocks. Significant sources include the southwestern United States, Iran, and China.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. It is found in a variety of locations worldwide, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia. The colorless variety can mimic diamonds due to its high refractive index.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is exceptionally rare, found in only a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its formation is linked to the complex geological processes associated with the East African Rift Valley.
Blue topaz is created through irradiation of colorless topaz, which is commonly found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia. Natural blue topaz is rare.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Tanzanite | Blue Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 |
| Color | Blue to Green | Colorless to Brown, Blue | Blue to Violet | Blue |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 | 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.61-1.62 | 1.81-2.02 | 1.62-1.69 | 1.61-1.63 |
| Crystal System | Triclinic | Tetragonal | Orthorhombic | Orthorhombic |
The hardness of a gemstone, measured on the Mohs scale, indicates its resistance to scratching. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is the most durable of the December birthstones, while turquoise, at 5-6, requires more careful handling. Zircon and Tanzanite fall in the middle range, requiring reasonable care to avoid damage. Zircon is celebrated for its high refractive index, contributing to its brilliance. Tanzanite exhibits strong trichroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been associated with friendship, good fortune, health, protection, and peace. Native American cultures view turquoise as a sacred stone, possessing protective and healing properties.
Zircon is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Its association with purity and clarity makes it a popular choice for engagement rings.
Tanzanite is thought to stimulate intuition and perception, fostering a connection to higher consciousness. Its vibrant color is often associated with transformation and spiritual growth.
Blue topaz symbolizes love, affection, and strength. It is believed to promote communication and emotional balance.
Care and Maintenance
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstone jewelry.
Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratching and damage from chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Zircon requires gentle cleaning with a soft brush and warm, soapy water. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, as it can fade the color of some varieties.
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning.
Blue topaz is relatively durable but can be chipped with a hard blow. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Market Value and Considerations
The value of December birthstones varies significantly depending on factors such as color, clarity, cut, carat weight, and origin. Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are the most expensive birthstones, valued at $3000-$11000, $3000-$10000, and $3000-$7000 per carat respectively. Blue topaz and tourmaline are among the more affordable options, valued at $100-$400 per carat. Turquoise and zircon fall in between, with prices varying based on quality and origin. Tanzanite, due to its rarity, can command high prices, particularly for stones with intense color and clarity.
When purchasing December birthstone jewelry, it is important to consider the quality of the stone, the craftsmanship of the setting, and the reputation of the jeweler. Proper gemstone identification is crucial to ensure authenticity and value.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these gems offer a diverse range of choices for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful connection to their birth month. Their unique properties and enduring appeal ensure their continued popularity among gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.