October boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: tourmaline and opal. While opal holds a historical claim, tourmaline has gained prominence as a modern October birthstone, celebrated for its exceptional range of colors and fascinating history. This article will delve into the geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and symbolism of both tourmaline and opal, focusing on the varieties most associated with the month of October.
A Dual Heritage: Tourmaline and Opal
For many years, opal was the sole birthstone of October. However, in recent times, tourmaline has been officially recognized as an additional birthstone for this month, offering individuals born in October a wider selection to choose from. This addition reflects the evolving understanding and appreciation of gemstones within the jewelry industry and among gem enthusiasts. The Gemsociety.org birthstone chart lists both as options for October.
Tourmaline: A Spectrum of Color
Tourmaline is renowned for exhibiting the most diverse color range of any gemstone family. From rich reds and vibrant blues to pastel pinks and yellows, tourmaline presents a spectrum of hues unmatched by many other gems. This remarkable variety is due to the complex chemical composition of tourmaline, which allows for the inclusion of various elements that influence its color. Discoveries of intense new hues in Brazil during the late 20th century significantly increased tourmaline’s appeal.
Within the tourmaline family, several trade names are used to categorize specific colors and varieties. These names, while not strictly gemological classifications, are commonly used within the gem trade to simplify discussions and marketing. Examples include rubellite (red tourmaline) and watermelon tourmaline (crystals displaying multiple colors).
The History of Tourmaline
While tourmaline’s modern recognition as an October birthstone is relatively recent, its history extends back centuries. A particularly notable historical connection is the fondness of the Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi for pink tourmaline in the late 1800s. She acquired nearly the entire production from a California mine, and upon her death, was buried with a pink tourmaline pillow, with the remainder of her collection crafted into exquisite carvings. This demonstrates the historical value and aesthetic appeal of tourmaline to prominent figures.
Geological Formation and Sources of Tourmaline
Tourmaline forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. These crystals exhibit remarkable beauty when exposed to light. Most tourmalines found in jewelry consist primarily of a mineral called elbaite. The diverse variety of elements present during formation contributes to the wide range of colors observed in tourmaline.
Gemological Properties of Tourmaline
While a comprehensive gemological profile requires data beyond the provided sources, it is clear that tourmaline is a versatile gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. The sources do not provide specific details on hardness, refractive index, or chemical formula. However, the wide range of colors and the crystalline structure are highlighted as key characteristics.
Opal: A Unique and Individual Gem
Opals are described as being in a class of their own, possessing unique patterns and characteristics that make each stone distinctly individual. They are also noted as being the most delicate of gemstones commonly worn, requiring special care.
Varieties of Opal: Fire, Crystal, and Water
Several varieties of opal are recognized, each with its own distinct characteristics. Fire opal, primarily sourced from Mexico, is known for its vibrant red, orange, or yellow backgrounds. Unlike other opals, the value of fire opal is determined by the evenness and vibrancy of its base color, rather than the play-of-color. Crystal opal, renowned for its transparency and superior play-of-color effects, can be highly valuable. Water opal represents a more subtle and affordable option.
The History of Opal Mining
Significant sources of fire opal emerged in Mexico only in the mid-nineteenth century, indicating a relatively recent addition to the global gem market. The limited availability of fire opal contributes to its value and desirability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tourmaline is associated with a range of positive attributes, including love, empathy, compassion, friendship, and optimism, depending on the specific variety. Watermelon tourmaline is believed to promote love, empathy, and compassion, while rubellite represents love, friendship, and optimism. While the sources note that there is no scientific evidence to support the benefits of wearing opal birthstone jewelry, tourmaline is linked to emotional healing. Sapphires are considered protective gemstones, shielding the wearer from harm and negative intentions.
Care and Cleaning
The sources indicate that opals are delicate gemstones requiring special care. While specific cleaning instructions are not provided, the implication is that gentle handling and appropriate storage are essential to preserve their beauty and integrity. The hardness of tourmaline is not specified, but its suitability for various jewelry applications suggests a reasonable level of durability.
A Historical Misidentification
An interesting historical anecdote involves the Czech Crown of Saint Wenceslas, which featured a large ruby until a gemological analysis in 1998 revealed it to be a large rubellite tourmaline. This highlights the importance of accurate gemological identification and the potential for historical misinterpretations.
Modern and Traditional Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time, with both modern and traditional lists existing. The modern birthstone chart includes spinel, citrine, and tanzanite as recent additions, reflecting the ongoing discovery and appreciation of new gemstones. In the United States, individuals often choose from both lists, selecting stones that appeal to them based on personal preference and affordability. Traditional gems like turquoise and cultivated pearls remain popular due to their lower cost and greater availability.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, tourmaline and opal, offer a captivating blend of color, history, and symbolism. Tourmaline, with its unparalleled range of hues, has emerged as a prominent modern birthstone, while opal continues to hold a special place in the hearts of many. Both gemstones represent unique geological formations and possess distinct characteristics that make them highly sought-after by jewelry enthusiasts and collectors alike. The choice between these two vibrant October birthstones ultimately comes down to personal preference, allowing individuals to select a gem that resonates with their individual style and beliefs.