August boasts a unique distinction among the months of the year: it possesses not one, not two, but three recognized birthstones – peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. While peridot and sardonyx have long held a place in birthstone traditions, spinel is the newest addition, officially recognized in 2016. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of spinel, exploring why it has earned its place as a modern August birthstone and uncovering its fascinating past, often mistaken for other, more highly prized gems.
A Recent Addition with a Rich History
The concept of associating gemstones with specific months evolved over centuries, originating with the twelve stones on the Breastplate of Aaron described in the Book of Exodus. These stones were linked to the tribes of Israel and, eventually, to the zodiac signs and months of the year. The standardization of birthstones as we know them today began in the 18th century with Jewish gem traders in Poland, and was formalized in the United States by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912. The list has been updated periodically, most recently with the addition of spinel to the August birthstone selection in 2016, reflecting both evolving gemological understanding and consumer preferences.
For centuries, however, spinel was often misidentified as ruby or sapphire. Red spinels, in particular, were frequently mistaken for rubies, especially before the advent of modern gemological testing methods. As one source notes, red spinels were known by names like “ruby spinel,” “balas ruby,” and “rubicelle,” highlighting this historical confusion. This misidentification occurred because spinels and rubies often occur in the same mines, making differentiation difficult without sophisticated tools. Indeed, some of the most celebrated “rubies” in historical collections, including a prominent stone in the British State Crown, have since been identified as spinel.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel’s formation is closely tied to the intense geological processes occurring within the Earth’s crust. Unlike some gemstones formed in sedimentary environments, spinel forms entirely under the earth’s crust, a product of immense heat and pressure. It is typically brought to the surface through volcanic activity, intermixed with volcanic rock.
While specific mining locations for spinel aren’t extensively detailed in the provided sources, it is known that sardonyx originates from India, but can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. The sources do not provide specific locations for spinel mining. Spinel, however, is known to occur in a range of colors, suggesting diverse geological conditions contribute to its formation.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a fascinating gemstone with distinct gemological properties. It possesses a cubic crystal structure, similar to garnet and diamond, which often displays twinning crystals. This cubic structure is one way to distinguish it from ruby, which is dichroic – meaning it displays different hues when viewed from different angles. Spinel, in contrast, tends to be one consistent color throughout the stone.
The color range of spinel is remarkably diverse. While red spinel is perhaps the most historically significant due to its frequent misidentification as ruby, spinel also occurs in shades of blue, purple, pink, and even colorless varieties. The sources do not provide specific details on chemical composition or refractive index. Peridot, for comparison, is composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron, and is known as the “evening emerald” due to its sparkle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, spinel has been imbued with various symbolic meanings. Recently added as an August birthstone, it is referred to as a “stone of immortality.” Historically, its association with ruby led to the attribution of ruby’s symbolic properties to spinel as well.
Ancient Egyptians revered peridot as “the gem of the sun,” naming it faridat, the Arabic word for gem. They believed it possessed protective powers, and it was closely guarded, even allegedly by snakes, at its source on Topazios (modern-day Zabargad or St John’s Island). In Victorian England, King Edward VII considered peridot his personal talisman, tapping into its perceived protective properties.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for spinel. However, given its formation in volcanic environments and its durability, it is reasonable to assume it is a relatively robust gemstone. General gemstone care guidelines, such as avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, would likely be appropriate.
Conclusion
Spinel’s journey from being a frequently misidentified gem to a recognized August birthstone is a testament to the evolving field of gemology and the enduring allure of beautiful stones. Its diverse color range, unique crystal structure, and rich history, intertwined with that of ruby and sapphire, make it a captivating gemstone for enthusiasts and collectors alike. The addition of spinel to the August birthstone list provides those born in this month with a wider selection of gems to choose from, each carrying its own unique symbolism and beauty.