December boasts a unique distinction among the birthstones, offering not one, but three primary gemstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon, with Blue Topaz often considered an alternative. Each of these stones carries its own history, symbolism, and allure, making December a particularly rich month for gemstone enthusiasts. This article will explore the characteristics, origins, and significance of these December birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to biblical times, with the twelve stones in the breastplate of the High Priest Aaron representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This concept evolved into the modern practice of assigning birthstones, though the specific stones associated with each month have varied over time.
Turquoise holds the longest-standing connection to December, serving as a traditional birthstone for centuries. Its history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use by ancient Egyptians, including its presence in the mask of King Tut, and by Native American cultures. The name “Turquoise” itself originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “stone of Turkey,” as the stone was often brought to Europe through Turkish bazaars.
Tanzanite and Zircon are more recent additions to the December birthstone family. Tanzanite was only discovered in Tanzania in 1967 and officially added to the birthstone list in 1952, quickly gaining popularity for its striking color. Zircon, while known for much longer, has seen fluctuating popularity, with its brilliant fire often overshadowed by diamonds.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse, reflecting their unique geological formation processes.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in relatively dry, arid environments. It is typically found in association with copper deposits, often as a secondary mineral in volcanic rocks. Significant sources of Turquoise include the United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado), Iran, Egypt, and China.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is exceptionally rare and found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. Its formation requires specific geological conditions involving intense heat and pressure, along with the presence of vanadium, which contributes to its distinctive blue-violet color.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary deposits. It is a widespread mineral, found in countries such as Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Australia. The blue varieties of zircon used as birthstones are often produced through heat treatment.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
Turquoise: This opaque gemstone typically ranges in color from sky blue to greenish-blue, though it can also be found in shades of green, yellow, and even black. Its color is influenced by the presence of copper and iron. Turquoise has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching.
Tanzanite: Known for its trichroism – exhibiting three different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) depending on the viewing angle – Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale. Its color is attributed to the presence of vanadium.
Zircon: Blue Zircon exhibits a high refractive index, giving it a brilliant sparkle. It has a hardness of 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale. Zircon is known for its strong dispersion, which creates flashes of fire.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue to Green | Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | Transparent to Translucent |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise has long been associated with success, happiness, and prosperity. It was believed to offer protection from harm and bring good fortune. In some cultures, it was considered a sacred stone, representing connection to the spiritual realm.
Tanzanite is often linked to transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. It is believed to promote clarity of thought and enhance psychic abilities. Its vibrant color is associated with royalty and nobility.
Zircon is associated with wisdom, honor, and prosperity. It was historically believed to ward off evil spirits and promote restful sleep. Blue Zircon, in particular, is thought to enhance creativity and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones.
Blue Topaz, due to its durability, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to heat and ultrasonic cleaners. Turquoise, being relatively soft, should be cleaned gently with a damp cloth. It is important to protect it from chemicals, oils, and excessive moisture. Tanzanite requires mild soap and water for cleaning, and should not be subjected to ultrasonic or steam cleaning, or sudden temperature changes. Zircon, while relatively hard, is brittle and should be handled carefully to avoid chipping. Cleaning with warm soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient lore surrounding Turquoise to the modern discovery of Tanzanite and the enduring brilliance of Zircon, each stone offers a unique story and a connection to the rich history of gemology. These gemstones not only provide beauty and adornment but also carry symbolic meanings that resonate with those born in the final month of the year.