The practice of associating gemstones with specific months, and thus with the individuals born within them, is a tradition steeped in history and symbolism. While modern lists are relatively standardized, the origins of birthstones trace back to ancient civilizations and religious texts, with connections to astrology, healing properties, and social status. Today, birthstones remain popular choices for jewelry, gifts, and personal adornment, each gem carrying a unique significance. This article will explore the diverse world of birthstones, detailing their colors, historical context, and associated meanings, as understood through established gemological and historical sources.
History and Lore
The earliest roots of birthstone association can be found in the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes twelve gemstones adorning the breastplate of Aaron, the High Priest. These stones were linked to the twelve tribes of Israel, establishing a connection between gems and specific groups. Throughout history, various cultures developed their own systems of associating gemstones with months or zodiac signs. The modern standardization of birthstones largely occurred in the 20th century, with the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) publishing an official list in 1912. However, even today, variations exist, particularly regarding secondary or alternative birthstones for certain months. The enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their blend of aesthetic beauty, historical significance, and the personal connection they offer to the time of one’s birth.
A Monthly Guide to Birthstone Colors
The following outlines the primary birthstones associated with each month, based on available information.
January: Garnet – The January birthstone, garnet, is characterized by its deep red color, often likened to the seeds of a pomegranate – a connection reflected in its name, derived from the medieval Latin word granatus. Historically, garnets were favored by ancient Egyptians and adorned the jewelry of pharaohs. The stone is believed to represent fertility and rebirth, and was popular during the Victorian Era. Garnets are sourced from regions including Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Brazil, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
February: Amethyst – Amethyst, the birthstone for February, is a variety of quartz displaying shades of violet and light lavender. Its name originates from the Greek nymph Amethystos, who, according to legend, transformed into stone to avoid the pursuit of Bacchus, the god of wine. Amethyst was believed to protect against drunkenness and was favored by religious leaders for its supposed ability to promote temperance. Historical accounts suggest amethyst could also treat skin ailments and cure tumors.
March: Aquamarine – Aquamarine, the birthstone for March, presents a calming shade of blue, sometimes with hints of green. This gemstone is associated with tranquility and refreshment.
April: Information regarding April birthstones is not provided in the sources.
May: Information regarding May birthstones is not provided in the sources.
June: Information regarding June birthstones is not provided in the sources.
July: Ruby – The July birthstone, ruby, belongs to the corundum mineral family and is renowned for its vibrant red hue. Ranked 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, rubies are among the four precious gemstones (along with diamonds, emeralds, and sapphires). Rubies are essentially the red variety of sapphire.
August: Spinel – Spinel is an additional birthstone for August, with red spinel being particularly desirable as a more affordable alternative to rubies.
September: Sapphire – September’s birthstone, sapphire, is most commonly known for its deep blue variety, but it actually occurs in a rainbow of colors. Sapphires also rank 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, placing them just below diamonds.
October: Opal and Pink Tourmaline – October boasts two birthstones: opal and pink tourmaline. Opal, the traditional birthstone, displays a captivating play of rainbow colors, reflecting light in a unique manner. The word “opal” originates from the Sanskrit word upala, meaning “shade of colors.” Opal is mined in Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, and Mexico, and has even been discovered on Mars by NASA’s Curiosity rover. Pink tourmaline, the modern birthstone, is associated with creativity and artistic expression.
November: Citrine and Topaz – November is represented by citrine and topaz, both typically displaying yellow hues. Citrine, a variety of quartz, gets its color from traces of iron. It was often mistaken for topaz in the past. Citrine is believed to promote wealth, prosperity, and wisdom.
December: Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon – December has multiple birthstones, including zircon, which can be found in colorless and blue varieties, as well as turquoise, and tanzanite. Zircon is the main birthstone for December in the United States.
Gemological Properties
The sources provide limited gemological data, but some key properties are noted. Garnet has a Mohs hardness of 7-7.5. Amethyst also registers a 7 on the Mohs scale. Ruby and sapphire, both corundum varieties, achieve a hardness of 9, second only to diamond. The sources highlight the importance of hardness in determining a gemstone’s durability and suitability for various types of jewelry. Color is, of course, a defining characteristic, with garnets typically red, amethysts violet, rubies red, and sapphires blue.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnets are associated with fertility and rebirth, while amethysts were believed to protect against drunkenness and promote temperance. Citrine is considered a bearer of wealth, prosperity, and wisdom. Opal, with its iridescent colors, is linked to healing and prophecy. These beliefs, while not scientifically validated, contribute to the enduring appeal of birthstones and their perceived power to influence the wearer’s life.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide detailed care instructions for each gemstone. However, given the Mohs hardness values provided, it can be inferred that softer stones like garnet (7-7.5) and amethyst (7) require more careful handling than harder stones like ruby and sapphire (9). Generally, gemstones should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, especially for stones with inclusions or delicate settings.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a fascinating intersection of geology, history, and cultural belief. From the ancient breastplate of Aaron to the modern jewelry adorning individuals today, these gemstones have held a special place in human society. While the specific associations have evolved over time, the enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their beauty, symbolism, and the personal connection they offer to the month of one’s birth. The diverse range of colors and properties, as highlighted in the available sources, ensures that there is a birthstone to resonate with every individual.