September is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: the esteemed sapphire and the captivating lapis lazuli. While blue sapphire is officially designated as the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli holds a significant place as a traditional and widely appreciated alternative. Both gemstones share a rich history, profound symbolism, and a striking deep blue hue, though their geological origins and properties differ considerably. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these two remarkable September birthstones.
History and Lore
The history of both sapphire and lapis lazuli stretches back millennia, interwoven with the beliefs and practices of ancient civilizations. Lapis lazuli, in fact, has the longer documented history, with evidence of its use dating back as far as 7000 BC, found in mines in northeast Afghanistan and at Indus Valley civilization sites. Ancient civilizations, including the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, prized lapis lazuli for its intense color and perceived magical properties. Egyptians believed powdered lapis lazuli enhanced eyesight, while others wore it to ward off evil. Its use extended beyond adornment; Michelangelo famously utilized lapis lazuli to create pigments for painting the Sistine Chapel.
Sapphire’s history is equally compelling, though its association with specific cultures began somewhat later. In ancient Greece, sapphire was considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and promote truth. It was also viewed as a celestial stone, connecting the wearer to the heavens. Throughout history, sapphire has been associated with wisdom, nobility, and power, frequently adorning the attire of kings, queens, and priests as a symbol of their authority and protection. Today, sapphire remains a treasured gemstone, particularly popular for engagement rings and fine jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire and lapis lazuli originate through vastly different geological processes. Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks, requiring specific conditions of temperature and pressure. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the various colors of sapphire, with chromium responsible for the most coveted pink hues. While blue is the most recognized color, sapphires can also be found in yellow, green, purple, and even orange.
Lapis lazuli, conversely, is not a single mineral but a rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals like calcite, pyrite, and sodalite. The mesmerizing array of colors within lapis lazuli – the deep blue of lazurite, the golden flecks of pyrite, and the white streaks of calcite – are a direct result of these constituent elements. The primary source of high-quality lapis lazuli has historically been, and continues to be, Afghanistan, with mines operating for over 6,500 years. Additional sources include Chile, Siberia, the United States, and Myanmar.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire and lapis lazuli exhibit distinct gemological properties that contribute to their unique characteristics and value. Sapphire is renowned for its exceptional hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale, making it highly durable and resistant to scratching. This durability makes it an excellent choice for everyday wear. Sapphire’s chemical formula is Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide).
Lapis lazuli, however, is considerably softer, ranking between 5 and 6 on the Mohs scale. This means it is susceptible to scratches and requires more careful handling. Its composition is complex, not a single chemical formula, but a combination of minerals. The presence of pyrite inclusions is often considered desirable, enhancing the stone’s visual appeal and value.
Here's a comparative table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ | Complex (Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite, Sodalite) |
| Mohs Hardness | 9 | 5-6 |
| Color | Various (primarily blue) | Deep Blue with variations |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous to Dull |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both sapphire and lapis lazuli have accumulated rich layers of symbolism throughout history. Sapphire is strongly associated with wisdom, loyalty, truth, and purity of the soul. It is often given as a gift to celebrate the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, with Star Sapphire traditionally marking the 65th.
Lapis lazuli, similarly, carries profound symbolic weight. It is linked to qualities such as strength, courage, royalty, wisdom, intellect, and truth. In new age crystal healing practices, lapis lazuli is believed to enhance mental and spiritual capabilities, promoting clarity of thought and inner peace. Ancient cultures believed it connected the physical world with the spiritual realm. The stone’s deep blue color, reminiscent of the night sky, further reinforces its association with the cosmos and divine insight.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing hardness levels, sapphire and lapis lazuli require distinct care routines. Sapphire’s exceptional hardness allows for relatively robust cleaning. It can be safely cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are also generally safe for sapphires, provided they do not contain fracture-filled or treated stones.
Lapis lazuli, being softer, demands more gentle handling. Cleaning should be limited to wiping with a soft, damp cloth. Harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials should be avoided, as they can easily scratch the surface. It is advisable to remove lapis lazuli jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent damage.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the dual birthstones of September, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. While sapphire’s enduring hardness and vibrant colors have cemented its status as a prized gemstone for centuries, lapis lazuli’s ancient origins and profound spiritual associations continue to resonate with those seeking wisdom and inner peace. Both stones offer a unique and meaningful connection to the month of September, embodying qualities of loyalty, truth, and enduring beauty.