September is unique among the months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: the esteemed sapphire and the historically significant lapis lazuli. While sapphire is widely considered the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli serves as a compelling and vibrant alternative, particularly appreciated for its rich history and connection to creativity. Both gemstones carry deep cultural significance and have been treasured for millennia, representing wisdom, truth, and honor. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these captivating September birthstones.
History and Lore
Lapis lazuli holds the distinction of being one of the oldest gemstones utilized by humankind, with evidence of its use dating back 6500 years. Its story begins in the Afghan region, where it was initially employed for art, jewelry making, and even medicinal purposes. From there, its allure spread across Asia, the Middle East, and into the Roman world. Ancient cultures highly valued its intense blue hue, often equating its worth to that of other prized blue gems like sapphire and turquoise. Beyond adornment, lapis lazuli was incorporated into cosmetics, serving as eyeshadow, and was ground into pigment for artistic endeavors. Notably, Egyptian pharaohs utilized it to color eyebrows and irises, and exquisite lapis lazuli jewelry and amulets were discovered within the tomb of King Tutankhamun.
Interestingly, historical texts sometimes misidentified lapis lazuli as sapphire, as evidenced by its mention in the Old Testament. Marco Polo documented the lapis lazuli mines as early as 1271. During the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli was transformed into a pigment known as ultramarine, which, at the time, was more valuable than gold. This vibrant pigment graced masterpieces like the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, favored by Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo.
Sapphire, too, boasts a long and storied past. It has been considered one of the most highly prized gems throughout history, appearing in the narratives, legends, and civilizations of the world. In Kashmir, the discovery of sapphires in the 19th century led to control of the mining locality by the army and the Maharaja, yielding thousands of large, beautiful stones between 1882 and 1887. These Kashmir sapphires are renowned as some of the world’s most sought-after gems, and their production remains rare today.
Ancient Greeks and Romans wore sapphires as protection against harm and envy, while also utilizing them during oracle rituals. Ancient Persians believed the earth rested upon a massive sapphire, attributing the sky’s blue color to the gem – a belief reflected in the Persian word for sapphire, “lazvard,” meaning “that has the color of the sky.”
Geological Formation and Sources
Lapis lazuli is not a single mineral, but rather a metamorphic rock composed of three key components: lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. Lazurite is responsible for the gemstone’s characteristic deep blue color, and to be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite. Pyrite contributes speckles of yellow, while calcite introduces white intrusions. Its formation occurs through metamorphic processes.
While historically sourced from Afghanistan, lapis lazuli is now also found in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, China, Vietnam, Madagascar, and even Montana, United States.
Sapphire, on the other hand, belongs to the corundum family. It is essentially a pure form of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the various colors seen in sapphires. Red corundum is known as ruby, while all other colors are classified as sapphire. The leading producer of sapphire today is Madagascar, with discoveries beginning in 1990.
Gemological Properties
Lapis lazuli’s appearance is defined by its deep blue color, often with visible inclusions of pyrite and calcite. It is used not only as a gemstone but also as a sculpting substance, pigment, and ornate material.
Sapphire is renowned for its exceptional hardness and durability. It registers a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear. While most associate sapphire with blue, it actually occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, including pink, yellow, green, purple, and orange. The color is determined by the trace elements present during its formation.
Here's a comparative table of key gemological properties:
| Property | Lapis Lazuli | Sapphire |
|---|---|---|
| Composition | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite | Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) |
| Color | Deep Blue | Various (except red) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6 | 9 |
| Luster | Vitreous to Dull | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent to Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both lapis lazuli and sapphire have accumulated rich symbolic meanings throughout history. Lapis lazuli is widely regarded as a symbol of wisdom and truth, representing the sky and honoring kings and queens. It is believed to foster communication and connection between the mind, body, and soul, promoting creative imagination and clear thinking. Some writers have even attributed its influence to facilitating the flow of writing ideas and energies.
Sapphire, similarly, is associated with wisdom, loyalty, and truth. Historically, it was worn by kings, queens, and priests as a symbol of power and protection. Today, it continues to be a popular choice for engagement rings, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its lower hardness, lapis lazuli requires gentle care. It is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Sapphire’s exceptional hardness makes it more durable and resistant to scratching. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled.
Conclusion
September’s birthstones, sapphire and lapis lazuli, represent a fascinating duality. Sapphire, with its exceptional hardness and vibrant colors, embodies enduring beauty and strength. Lapis lazuli, steeped in ancient history and symbolism, offers a unique connection to creativity and wisdom. Whether one chooses the regal allure of sapphire or the historical depth of lapis lazuli, both gemstones offer a meaningful and beautiful representation of the September birth month. Both stones continue to be treasured for their aesthetic appeal and the rich cultural heritage they represent.