June boasts a unique distinction among the birthstones: not one, but two primary gems – alexandrite and pearl. Both stones carry rich histories, captivating symbolism, and distinct gemological properties, making them cherished choices for those born in the sixth month of the year. While modern lists acknowledge these two, the tradition of birthstones has evolved over centuries, with ancient, traditional, and modern interpretations coexisting. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, properties, and significance of both alexandrite and pearl, drawing upon established gemological knowledge and historical accounts.
A History of June’s Birthstones
The concept of associating gemstones with specific months has ancient roots, potentially originating with the twelve tribes of Israel and their connection to stones on the breastplate of Aaron. This evolved over time into assigning a specific stone to each month, mirroring the arrangement of gemstones on this sacred adornment. The modern birthstone list, as it exists today, is a relatively recent development, solidified over the past century, with additions made in 1952 and 2002, and 2016. Alexandrite was added to the June birthstone list in 1952, expanding the options beyond traditional choices.
Pearls, however, have a far longer and more continuous history of association with June. Their use dates back millennia, celebrated for their purity, wisdom, and timeless beauty. Both gems are steeped in history and symbolism, each possessing a distinct allure.
Alexandrite: A Gem of Duality
Discovered in Russia’s Ural Mountains in the 1830s, alexandrite quickly gained recognition for its remarkable color-changing ability. This phenomenon, shifting from green in daylight to a captivating red under incandescent light, made it a symbol of balance and transformation. The gem was reportedly discovered on the birthday of Czar Alexander II, hence its name.
Initially, alexandrite was highly prized by collectors and gem enthusiasts, who saw it as a reminder of life’s dualities and the beauty of change. However, the original mines in the Ural Mountains eventually became depleted, leading to concerns about the stone’s extinction. Fortunately, subsequent discoveries in Brazil and other locations, such as Madagascar, Myanmar, and Tanzania, ensured its continued availability, though it remains a relatively rare gemstone.
Pearl: A Timeless Classic
Pearls, unlike alexandrite, are not mined but organically formed within oysters and other mollusks. For centuries, they have been revered as symbols of purity, wisdom, and elegance. Their natural beauty and unique formation process have captivated cultures worldwide. Pearls have been found and used for adornment for thousands of years, with evidence of their use dating back to ancient civilizations.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, a beryllium aluminum oxide. Its color change is due to the presence of chromium ions within its crystal structure. The gem forms in metamorphic rocks, often associated with pegmatites. While the Ural Mountains in Russia were the original source, significant deposits have also been found in Brazil, Sri Lanka, India, and East Africa.
Pearls, on the other hand, are formed through a biological process. When an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters an oyster, the mollusk coats it with layers of nacre, a substance composed of calcium carbonate. Over time, these layers build up, creating a pearl. Pearls are found in both saltwater and freshwater environments, with major sources including the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, Australia, Indonesia, and Japan.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of alexandrite and pearl differ significantly, reflecting their distinct origins and compositions.
Alexandrite:
- Chemical Formula: BeAl₂O₄ (with chromium impurities)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8.5
- Specific Gravity: 3.71 – 3.85
- Refractive Index: 1.743 – 1.753
- Color: Green to bluish-green in daylight; red to purplish-red in incandescent light.
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Pearl:
- Chemical Formula: CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 2.5 – 4.5
- Specific Gravity: 2.60 – 2.85
- Refractive Index: 1.52 – 1.66
- Color: White, cream, pink, silver, gold, black, and various iridescent shades.
- Luster: Nacreous (pearl-like)
The significant difference in hardness highlights the need for different care approaches for each gem. Alexandrite’s hardness makes it durable enough for everyday wear, while pearl’s relative softness requires more gentle handling.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both alexandrite and pearl have accumulated rich symbolism over time. Alexandrite, with its color-changing properties, is often associated with balance, transformation, and good fortune. It is believed to promote adaptability and inner growth.
Pearls have long been symbols of purity, innocence, and wisdom. In some cultures, they are associated with tears and mourning, while in others, they represent wealth and status. Hindu mythology claims moonstone, a related gem, is made of solidified moonbeams, further enhancing the mystical connection. Pearls are also believed to bring great luck and are associated with love, passion, and fertility.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing hardness levels, alexandrite and pearl require distinct care routines. Alexandrite, with a Mohs hardness of 8.5, is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided.
Pearls, being much softer (2.5-4.5 on the Mohs scale), are delicate and require gentle care. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should never be used on pearls, as they can damage the nacre. The recommended cleaning method is to wipe them gently with a soft, damp cloth after each wearing. Pearls should also be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratching.
The Evolution of Birthstone Lists
The assignment of birthstones to specific months has undergone several revisions throughout history. Initially, each month had a single designated gemstone. However, in 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America added alexandrite to the list of June birthstones, alongside pearl. Further additions were made in subsequent years, with citrine added to November and spinel to August, among others. Today, there are three lists of birthstones for each month – ancient, traditional, and modern – reflecting the evolving understanding and appreciation of gemstones.
Conclusion
Alexandrite and pearl, the dual birthstones of June, represent a fascinating combination of rarity, beauty, and historical significance. Alexandrite’s captivating color change and pearl’s timeless elegance have captivated cultures for centuries. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings allows for a deeper appreciation of these remarkable gems. Whether chosen for their birthstone association or simply for their aesthetic appeal, alexandrite and pearl continue to be cherished treasures in the world of gemstones.