June boasts a unique distinction among the calendar months – it possesses not one, but three recognized birthstones: Alexandrite, Pearl, and Moonstone. While all three hold individual appeal, Alexandrite stands out for its remarkable and rare optical phenomenon: a dramatic color change. Often described as “emerald by day, ruby by night,” this captivating gem has fascinated gemologists and jewelry enthusiasts alike for centuries. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of Alexandrite, offering a comprehensive overview of this exceptional June birthstone.
History and Lore
Alexandrite is a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, with its discovery occurring in the 19th century. The first Alexandrite crystals were found in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, the year of Tsar Alexander II’s coming of age – hence the name “Alexandrite” bestowed in his honor. This discovery coincided with the rise of Russian aristocracy, and the gem quickly became popular among the Russian upper classes, its colors mirroring the national military colors of green and red.
The gem’s unique color-changing ability quickly established its allure. It wasn’t merely a beautiful stone; it was a scientific curiosity, a testament to the wonders of nature. While its initial fame stemmed from Russian deposits, subsequent finds in other locations have broadened its availability, though truly exceptional specimens remain exceedingly rare.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Chrysoberyl itself is a beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl₂O₄). The color change in Alexandrite is attributed to the presence of chromium impurities within the crystal structure. This phenomenon, known as pleochroism, causes the stone to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on the light source.
Originally sourced from the Ural Mountains of Russia, Alexandrite deposits have since been identified in several other regions. These include Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Madagascar, Brazil, and Burma. However, the characteristics of Alexandrite can vary depending on its origin. For example, Alexandrite from Brazil often exhibits a teal or deep bluish-green hue in daylight, shifting to a deep rich purple under incandescent light, differing from the classic green-to-red change seen in Russian stones. This variation in color change allows knowledgeable professionals to sometimes identify the stone’s origin based on its specific hue shifts. The geology of the deposit significantly influences the gemstone’s appearance.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite possesses a unique combination of properties that contribute to its value and desirability.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ (with Chromium impurities) |
| Color | Yellow-green to greenish-blue (daylight); Red to purplish-red (incandescent light) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.743 – 1.753 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.71 – 3.85 |
| Transparency | Transparent |
The hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale makes Alexandrite a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Its high refractive index contributes to its brilliance and fire. The most prized Alexandrite exhibits a vivid green to bluish-green color in daylight or fluorescent light and a deep red to purplish hue under incandescent light. The greater the distinctness of this color change, the more valuable the stone.
Alexandrite is often cut into kite shapes to maximize brilliance and showcase its color-changing properties. Cabochon cuts are also used, particularly to display the stone’s optical phenomenon. Lab-created Alexandrite is also available, offering a more affordable alternative to the rare natural gem.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Alexandrite has been attributed with various symbolic meanings throughout history. The gem’s color change has been likened to the shifting nature of love, making it a meaningful gift to express affection. It is believed to bring balance, good fortune, and joy to the wearer.
While not explicitly detailed in the provided sources, the gem’s association with royalty in Russia suggests a connection to power, nobility, and good luck. The dramatic shift in color can also be interpreted as a symbol of transformation and adaptability.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness, Alexandrite is relatively durable. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Cleaning Alexandrite can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to store Alexandrite jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Alexandrite in Jewelry
Alexandrite is a popular choice for various types of jewelry, including rings, earrings, pendants, and bracelets. Its rarity and unique color-changing properties make it a statement piece, often set in precious metals like gold or platinum to enhance its beauty. Alexandrite is also increasingly used as the centerpiece of engagement rings, symbolizing a dynamic and enduring love. The stone’s versatility allows it to be incorporated into both classic and contemporary designs.
Conclusion
Alexandrite is a truly exceptional gemstone, celebrated for its captivating color-changing ability, relative rarity, and fascinating history. From its discovery in the Ural Mountains to its current status as a coveted June birthstone, Alexandrite continues to enchant and inspire. Its unique combination of beauty, durability, and symbolism makes it a treasured possession for generations to come. The gem’s ability to transform its appearance under different lighting conditions serves as a constant reminder of the beauty and complexity of the natural world.