The ruby, a gemstone steeped in history and revered for its vibrant red hue, holds a prominent place as the birthstone for July. Its name, derived from the Latin word ruber meaning “red,” aptly describes its most defining characteristic – a color associated with love, passion, and vitality. This captivating gem, belonging to the corundum mineral family, has been prized for millennia, symbolizing power, protection, and good fortune across diverse cultures. This article will delve into the ruby’s historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
The ruby’s history is rich and spans continents and centuries. In ancient India, it was lauded as the “king of precious stones,” celebrated for its rarity, exceptional hardness – second only to diamond – and perceived mystical powers. Long associated with blood and the life force, the ruby symbolized power and youthful energy, frequently adorning Indian jewelry. Ancient beliefs attributed various properties to the stone, including the ability to predict misfortune, cure inflammatory diseases, and even soothe anger. Burmese warriors, according to historical accounts, believed rubies rendered them invincible in battle, embedding them within their armor.
Medieval Europeans similarly held the ruby in high esteem, believing it bestowed health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. This association with royalty and nobility continued through the ages, with rubies frequently adorning crowns, scepters, and other symbols of power. Beyond its association with power, the ruby has also been a traditional gift for 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, signifying enduring love and commitment.
The origins of birthstone associations are complex, with some tracing back to the twelve gemstones in the Biblical Breastplate of Aaron. The concept evolved throughout the Middle Ages, with each stone linked to a specific month or zodiac sign. In the 20th century, the American National Retail Jewelers Association standardized a list of birthstones, solidifying the ruby’s position as the July birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Their characteristic red color arises from trace amounts of the element chromium within the crystal structure. The more chromium present, the more intense the red hue. The most highly prized color is a deep, vivid red with a hint of purple, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Rubies are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks. They typically originate in marble, schist, and other metamorphic environments, as well as in basaltic lava flows. The formation process requires specific geological conditions, including high pressure and temperature, and the presence of chromium.
Myanmar (formerly Burma) is historically one of the most significant sources of fine rubies. For over five centuries, the Mogok area in Myanmar has yielded some of the world’s most sought-after rubies, characterized by vibrant red color, softened by light-scattering inclusions and a glowing red fluorescence. Other notable sources include various locations across Asia, Africa, and Australia, though the quality and characteristics of rubies can vary significantly depending on their origin.
Gemological Properties
The ruby’s appeal extends beyond its color to its exceptional physical and optical properties. As a variety of corundum, it boasts a remarkable hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it exceptionally durable and resistant to scratching. This hardness, second only to diamond, contributes to its longevity and suitability for everyday wear.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Color | Red (varying shades, best is "pigeon's blood") |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.97 – 4.05 |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 – 1.778 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
The ruby’s refractive index, ranging from 1.762 to 1.778, contributes to its brilliance and fire. The presence of inclusions, while sometimes detracting from clarity, can also serve as a natural fingerprint, confirming the gem’s authenticity. Rubies exhibit strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light, enhancing their glow and vibrancy.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the ruby has been imbued with profound symbolism. As previously mentioned, it represents passion, love, and vitality, making it a fitting birthstone for the summer month of July. The ruby is often referred to as the “stone of kings” and the “king of gemstones,” reflecting its association with royalty, power, and nobility.
Beyond its association with passion and power, the ruby has been believed to offer protection against evil and misfortune. Some cultures believed it could ward off danger and promote courage. In ancient times, warriors embedded rubies in their armor, believing they would render them invincible. The ruby is also associated with health, wisdom, and success in love, further solidifying its position as a cherished and meaningful gemstone.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, the ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Rubies can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or its setting.
It is also advisable to remove ruby jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning and careful handling will ensure that the ruby continues to sparkle and shine for generations to come.
Conclusion
The ruby, with its captivating red hue and rich historical significance, remains one of the most coveted and cherished gemstones in the world. From its ancient origins as a symbol of power and protection to its modern role as the birthstone for July, the ruby continues to inspire awe and admiration. Its exceptional hardness, vibrant color, and enduring symbolism make it a timeless treasure, representing passion, love, and vitality. The ruby’s legacy as the “king of gemstones” is well-deserved, and its allure will undoubtedly continue to captivate for centuries to come.