July is richly represented in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but two prominent gems: the ruby and the onyx. These stones, steeped in history, lore, and distinct geological origins, offer a compelling duality for those born in the seventh month of the year. The ruby, known as the “king of gems,” embodies passion and contentment, while the onyx provides a grounding sense of protection and strength. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these captivating July birthstones.
History and Lore
The ruby’s association with July stems from its color – a vibrant red mirroring the warmth and energy of the month, and linked to the birth month of Julius Caesar. Throughout history, the ruby has been revered as a symbol of love, courage, and vitality. Ancient cultures attributed numerous powers to the stone, believing it could protect against misfortune and bestow good health.
The onyx also carries a significant historical weight, particularly within ancient civilizations. Romans and Greeks frequently carried sardonyx – a variety of onyx – into battle, engraving it with images of Mars, the god of war, or Hercules, seeking strength and victory. Ancient belief held that sardonyx could even protect against scorpion bites. The name “onyx” itself originates from the Ancient Greek word ὄνυξ, meaning “claw” or “fingernail,” possibly referencing the stone’s banded appearance or its use in creating cameos and intaglios. Both onyx and ruby were prized by royalty; onyx was a favored gem of Egyptian pharaohs and Roman emperors, signifying power and prestige.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Their characteristic red hue is derived from the presence of chromium, though iron and titanium can also contribute to the coloration. Ruby formation requires specific geological conditions, including high pressure and temperature.
Onyx, conversely, is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. It forms through the layering of silica deposits in gas cavities within lava flows. The bands are created by variations in the silica concentration and the presence of other minerals. While often black, onyx can also exhibit bands of brown, red, green, and even blue.
Specific source locations for these gems are varied. While the sources are not extensively detailed in the provided materials, it is noted that 90% of all amber deposits (related to the sardonyx formation) are located in the former Prussia, now the Kaliningrad region of Russia. The ruby’s origins are not specified beyond its general formation in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited detailed gemological data. However, some key properties can be gleaned.
Ruby: The defining characteristic of a ruby is its red color, stemming from the presence of chromium. The sources emphasize its status as a premium gemstone, suggesting a relative rarity and value.
Onyx: Onyx is described as a banded chalcedony, with bands typically consisting of reddish-brown and lighter shades like orange or white. Variations in color, including brown, red, green, and blue, are also noted. The sources do not provide information on the Mohs hardness scale, refractive index, or chemical formula for either stone.
A comparative table, though limited by the available data, can be constructed:
| Property | Ruby | Onyx |
|---|---|---|
| Composition | Corundum (Al₂O₃) | Chalcedony (SiO₂) |
| Color | Red | Banded (Black, Brown, Red, etc.) |
| Luster | Not specified | Not specified |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both ruby and onyx are imbued with symbolic meaning. The ruby is strongly associated with passion, love, and contentment. It is considered a stone of vitality and courage.
Onyx, on the other hand, is often referred to as a “stone of protection.” Ancient cultures believed it shielded against negative energies and evil spirits. It is also linked to strength and grounding. The sources suggest that onyx was seen as a personal bodyguard in gem form, offering a sense of security and resilience.
The concept of birthstones themselves is rooted in historical and spiritual beliefs. The idea of a gemstone connected to a specific month or zodiac sign evolved from ancient traditions, including the association of gems with the twelve tribes of Israel and the stones in Aaron’s breastplate, as well as the foundation stones of New Jerusalem. The modern birthstone list was formalized by the Jewelers of America in the 1950s.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources offer limited guidance on gemstone care. However, based on general gemological knowledge, some recommendations can be made.
While specific hardness data is unavailable, rubies are known to be durable gemstones suitable for everyday wear. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they may damage the stone.
Onyx, being a form of chalcedony, is relatively durable but can be susceptible to scratches. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners.
Modern Usage and Market
Today, both ruby and onyx continue to be popular choices for jewelry. Rubies are often featured in rings, necklaces, and earrings, prized for their vibrant color and brilliance. Onyx is commonly used in cameos, intaglios, and beaded jewelry.
The sources mention that while genuine rubies can be expensive, alternatives like cubic zirconia and crystals offer more affordable options. ShanOre Irish Jewelry specializes in Claddagh July birthstone jewelry, highlighting the cultural significance of these gems.
Conclusion
The July birthstones, ruby and onyx, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. The ruby, with its fiery red hue, embodies passion and vitality, while the onyx provides a grounding sense of protection and strength. Both stones have been cherished for centuries, adorning royalty and offering solace to those seeking their unique energies. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these dazzling gems continue to captivate and inspire.