July boasts a fascinating array of birthstones, with the ruby taking center stage as the most widely recognized gem for this month. However, a deeper exploration reveals a rich history and tradition that includes onyx, sardonyx, amber, beryl, and even topaz as significant July birthstones. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical significance, and symbolic meanings of these gemstones, drawing upon historical and gemological sources to provide a comprehensive overview.
A History of July’s Gemstones
The association of specific gemstones with months of the year has evolved over time. Originally, birthstones were linked to the twelve tribes of Israel and the apostles, with connections to the breastplate of Aaron, the high priest, as described in biblical texts. This tradition gradually shifted, and by the 15th century, onyx was firmly established as the primary birthstone for July in many European cultures, including Jewish, Roman, and other traditions. For centuries, onyx held this position, celebrated for its distinctive appearance and perceived metaphysical properties.
However, in 1912, a standardization effort by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) officially designated ruby as the primary July birthstone in the United States. Despite this change, onyx has maintained its status as a recognized alternative or secondary birthstone, appealing to those who prefer its bold aesthetic. The month of July itself is steeped in history, named by the Roman Senate in honor of Julius Caesar, and associated with significant events like Independence Day in the United States and Bastille Day in France.
Ruby: The King of Gems
The ruby, derived from the Latin word ruber meaning “red,” is often referred to as the “king of gems.” Its vibrant color, symbolizing passion and love, has captivated cultures for millennia. Celebrities throughout history and modern times have adorned themselves with rubies, further cementing its status as a desirable and prestigious gemstone.
Onyx: Strength and Protection
Onyx, a variety of chalcedony, has a long and storied history as a July birthstone. Ancient Romans and Greeks carried onyx stones engraved with images of Mars, the god of war, or Hercules into battle, believing they offered protection and strength. A popular belief held that onyx could even protect against scorpion bites. Today, onyx is still valued for its grounding properties and is thought to absorb negative energy.
Sardonyx: A Banded Beauty
Sardonyx is a captivating combination of sard and onyx, both types of chalcedony. It typically displays striking reddish-brown bands with lighter shades of orange or white. Like onyx, sardonyx was favored in ancient Rome and Greece, often engraved with protective deities for warriors. It was believed to offer strength and protection, and some ancient sources suggest it could bring inherited wealth or buried treasure to the wearer.
Amber: A Fossilized Resin
Amber, a unique organic gemstone, is a fossilized tree resin, predominantly yellow in color, though shades can range from bright yellow to reddish-brown and even nearly black. Notably, amber from the Dominican Republic can exhibit a striking blue hue. The majority of amber deposits are found in the Kaliningrad region of Russia, formerly known as Prussia. Amber often contains inclusions of insects and other small creatures, providing a glimpse into prehistoric life.
Due to its relative softness, amber was among the first materials used by humans for decorative purposes, with artifacts dating back to 6th dynasty Egypt (around 3200 B.C.). In ancient times, amber served as currency in the Baltic region and was highly prized by the Romans, who demanded tribute in this gemstone from the Britons.
Beryl: Intellect and Love
Beryl, another gemstone associated with July, was considered valuable in resolving family disputes and lawsuits, particularly those concerning property. Wearers of beryl were believed to be invincible and friendly, even towards opponents. The gemstone was also thought to stimulate brain activity, enhance intellect, and inspire courage in warriors. In the Middle East and Far East, beryl has traditionally been a popular bridal gift, symbolizing purity and congeniality.
Topaz: A Traditional Alternative
While less prominently featured as a July birthstone in modern lists, topaz holds a historical connection to the month. It is listed as a traditional birthstone for November, but also appears as a special apostle birthstone for July.
Gemological Properties
The sources provide limited gemological data. Ruby, as a variety of corundum, is known for its exceptional hardness, though specific Mohs scale ratings are not provided. Amber is noted as being relatively soft. Onyx and sardonyx, being forms of chalcedony, are also relatively durable. The sources do not provide details on refractive index, specific gravity, or chemical formulas for any of these gemstones.
| Gemstone | Composition | Color | Hardness (Relative) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruby | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) | Red | High |
| Onyx | Chalcedony (Silicon Dioxide) | Black, White, Banded | Moderate |
| Sardonyx | Chalcedony (Silicon Dioxide) | Reddish-Brown, Banded | Moderate |
| Amber | Fossilized Resin | Yellow, Brown, Blue | Low |
| Beryl | Beryllium Aluminum Cyclosilicate | Various (not specified in sources) | Moderate |
| Topaz | Aluminum Silicate Fluoride Hydroxide | Various (not specified in sources) | Moderate |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these July birthstones carries its own unique symbolism. Ruby represents passion, love, and contentment. Onyx symbolizes strength, protection, and grounding. Sardonyx is associated with courage and protection in battle. Amber is linked to preservation, healing, and ancient wisdom. Beryl is believed to stimulate intellect, promote love, and resolve conflicts.
The choice of birthstone can be a personal one, reflecting individual preferences and beliefs. Some individuals may choose a stone based on its aesthetic appeal, while others may be drawn to its perceived metaphysical properties.
Care and Cleaning
Due to the limited gemological information provided, specific care instructions are limited. However, given amber’s relative softness, it should be handled with care and protected from scratches. Onyx and sardonyx, being more durable, can withstand more wear and tear. Rubies, known for their hardness, are generally resilient but should still be protected from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. General cleaning can be done with mild soap and warm water, followed by a soft cloth.
Conclusion
July’s birthstone selection is remarkably diverse, ranging from the regal ruby to the protective onyx and the ancient amber. While ruby has become the dominant symbol of the month, the historical and cultural significance of other gemstones like sardonyx, amber, and beryl adds depth and richness to the July birthstone story. The choice of which gem to embrace is ultimately a personal one, allowing individuals to connect with the symbolism and beauty of these fascinating stones.