December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but five recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and topaz. This abundance offers December-born individuals a diverse selection of gems, each with its own distinct history, symbolism, and aesthetic qualities. These stones represent a rich tapestry of cultural significance and geological origins, providing a wide range of options for personal expression and adornment.
History and Lore
The historical use of December birthstones spans millennia and encompasses numerous cultures. Turquoise, perhaps the most anciently recognized of the group, held significant value for civilizations like the Egyptians and Native American tribes. Ancient Egyptians, including Pharaohs like King Tut, incorporated turquoise into their jewelry and burial adornments. The Apache tribe believed turquoise formed at the end of a rainbow and possessed the power to improve accuracy with weapons. Southwestern Native American tribes utilized turquoise in jewelry, amulets, and even as a medium of exchange.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, also boasts a long and storied past. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural zircon has been prized for its brilliance and range of colors for centuries.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep azure tones, was associated with wisdom and royalty in ancient civilizations, considered a stone of truth and enlightenment.
Topaz, another traditional December birthstone, has been valued for its serene colors and clarity.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its unique blue to violet hues quickly established it as a highly prized gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these birthstones are as varied as their histories. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with phosphate-bearing rocks. It is commonly found in the southwestern United States, as well as in Iran, Egypt, and China.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, often as a byproduct of magma crystallization. It can be found in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia.
Tanzanite is found in a very limited geographical area – the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This singular source contributes to its rarity and value.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals like calcite and pyrite. Historically sourced from Afghanistan, significant deposits are also found in Russia, Chile, and Canada.
Topaz forms in igneous rocks and is often found in granite pegmatites. Brazil, Russia, and Sri Lanka are major sources of topaz.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses unique gemological properties. While a comprehensive analysis requires data beyond the provided sources, some key characteristics can be outlined.
Turquoise’s color ranges from blue to green, depending on the presence of iron and copper.
Zircon exhibits a wide range of colors, including blue, red, yellow, and brown, and is known for its strong “fire,” or dispersion of light.
Tanzanite is renowned for its trichroism, displaying blue, violet, and burgundy hues depending on the viewing angle. Its color is particularly sensitive to heat treatment.
Lapis lazuli’s defining characteristic is its deep blue color, often flecked with golden pyrite inclusions.
Topaz, in its natural state, can be found in a variety of colors, but blue topaz is particularly popular and often created through irradiation and heat treatment.
A table summarizing key properties (where data is available) is provided below:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Notable Property |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | Ancient heritage |
| Zircon | Blue, Red, Yellow | Strong fire |
| Tanzanite | Blue, Violet | Trichroism |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep Blue | Pyrite inclusions |
| Topaz | Various, Blue common | Serene colors |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, fostering good fortune and inner calm. Native American cultures associated it with healing and spiritual connection.
Zircon was believed to promote prosperity and wisdom.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and spiritual growth, believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities.
Lapis lazuli, with its association with ancient wisdom, is thought to stimulate intellectual abilities and encourage truthfulness.
Topaz is often linked to loyalty, affection, and strength.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon, with its good hardness, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and should be cleaned with mild soap and lukewarm water. Lapis lazuli should also be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap, avoiding harsh chemicals. Topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush, but caution should be exercised with irradiated blue topaz, as prolonged exposure to sunlight may cause fading.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and topaz – represent a remarkable diversity of color, history, and symbolism. From the ancient reverence for turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, these gems offer a unique connection to the past and a vibrant expression of individuality. The abundance of choices allows December-born individuals to select a stone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs, ensuring a lasting and meaningful connection to their birthstone. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances.