November is unique among the birthstone months, boasting not one, but two officially recognized gemstones: citrine and imperial topaz. While topaz holds a long-standing tradition as the November birthstone, citrine was added in 1912, offering a more affordable alternative when imperial topaz became scarce. Both stones share a warm, golden hue, reflecting the autumnal season and symbolizing prosperity, strength, and positive energy. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these captivating November birthstones.
History and Lore
Topaz has a rich history stretching back centuries. As early as the 15th century, it was highly valued, with physicians in Rome believing it could alleviate the symptoms of plague, even for Catholic popes. Today, topaz is sourced from various locations including Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and the United States, with the states of Utah and Texas recognizing it as their official gemstone.
Citrine’s history, while also ancient, is somewhat intertwined with that of topaz. First known pieces of citrine date back to around 300 B.C. Ancient Celts incorporated citrine into the handles of their battle weapons, believing it offered protection. Ancient Greeks carved images into citrine, and Roman priests fashioned it into rings, all with the intention of harnessing the stone’s perceived powers to calm tempers, soothe anger, and manifest desires. Citrine was also popular in Scottish jewelry during the Victorian era. The ancient Egyptians associated the color of citrine with the sun god Ra and the war goddess Sekhmet, symbolizing power and life-giving energy. Romans and Greeks linked citrine to Demeter, the goddess of harvest, a fitting association given its sun-like appearance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Citrine is a variety of quartz, and most of today’s supply originates from Brazil’s Rio Grande do Sul belt. Fine rough material also surfaces in Zambia, Madagascar, and, occasionally, Spain’s Articacha mine. Interestingly, much of the citrine available today is heat-treated amethyst, a process that permanently alters the color.
Imperial topaz, the rarer of the two November birthstones, is characterized by its golden body and pink or peach overtone. Topaz itself forms in igneous rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits. Major sources of topaz include Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Citrine, belonging to the quartz family, exhibits a Mohs hardness of 7, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear, including rings. Its color ranges from pale champagne to a deep Madeira orange-red. While often described as “yellow,” the shades of citrine are quite diverse.
Topaz, a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, also boasts a Mohs hardness of 8, making it relatively durable. Topaz naturally occurs in a wide range of colors, including clear, yellow, light green, red-orange, pink, brown, and blue. The purest form of topaz is colorless, with impurities causing the various hues. Imperial topaz is specifically defined by its golden body with a pink or peach overtone, a combination that makes it particularly valuable.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Citrine | SiO₂ | 7 | Pale champagne to deep Madeira orange-red |
| Imperial Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Yellow-orange, reddish-orange, sunset pink, occasionally lilac-red |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both citrine and topaz are imbued with rich symbolism. Topaz represents strength and honor, and is believed to bring a sense of calm and balance, wisdom, and renewed energy. Blue topaz, in particular, is associated with relaxation and tranquility.
Citrine is often called the “merchant’s stone” due to the ancient belief that it attracts wealth and prosperity. It is also thought to cleanse the wearer of negativity and promote strength. Beyond material wealth, citrine is associated with love, wisdom, and concentration. Ancient healers believed citrine could purify the body of toxins, improve blood circulation, and strengthen the immune system. Modern beliefs suggest citrine can release anger and tension, boost self-esteem, and provide energy.
The resemblance of citrine to the sun has led many cultures to associate it with life-giving energy and the ability to dispel darkness. It was believed to ward off poisonous snakes, plagues, and evil thoughts.
Care and Cleaning
Citrine’s durability makes it relatively easy to care for. Due to its hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, it is scratch-resistant. However, light lemon shades of citrine can fade with prolonged exposure to sunlight, so it’s best to store jewelry out of direct sun when not worn.
Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is also durable but can be cleaved. Avoid harsh impacts or sudden temperature changes. Cleaning both citrine and topaz can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, especially for topaz, as they can cause damage.
Modern Popularity and Celebrity Endorsement
Citrine continues to be a popular choice for jewelry, appreciated for its affordability and beauty. Celebrities like Kate Middleton, Kate Winslet, and Jessica Chastain have been seen wearing citrine jewelry, further boosting its appeal. The combination of luxury and accessibility makes citrine a desirable gemstone for a wide range of individuals.
The Dual November Birthstone Story
The story of November’s dual birthstone is a fascinating example of how market forces and consumer demand can influence gemological traditions. Until the early 1900s, yellowish topaz was the sole November birthstone. However, the influx of inexpensive, heat-treated blue topaz led jewelers to seek a premium alternative. Citrine was then officially added as a co-birthstone in 1912, providing buyers with a choice between the abundant sparkle of quartz and the rarer fire of imperial topaz. This duality has resulted in a November birthstone meaning that merges citrine’s optimism with imperial topaz’s drive for success.
Identifying Genuine Citrine
With the prevalence of heat-treated amethyst being sold as citrine, it’s important to know how to identify a genuine stone. A simple test involves swiping an acetone-damp cotton swab on the back of the stone. If the swab picks up dye, the citrine is likely fake. Natural citrine will remain clean.
Conclusion
Citrine and imperial topaz represent a unique and vibrant pairing for the month of November. Both gemstones offer a rich history, captivating beauty, and symbolic significance. Whether one seeks the prosperity associated with citrine or the strength and honor embodied by topaz, these golden gems provide a meaningful and beautiful way to celebrate a November birthday. Their enduring appeal lies in their ability to capture the warmth and brilliance of the autumn season, offering a touch of sunshine and positive energy to those who wear them.