Opal, the birthstone of October, is a gemstone steeped in history, legend, and, surprisingly, modern superstition. While celebrated for its captivating “play of color,” a phenomenon that sets it apart from most other gems, opal has also been burdened with a reputation for bad luck, particularly for those not born in October. This perception, however, is a relatively recent development, contrasting with centuries of admiration for the stone’s beauty and perceived benefits. This article will explore the geological origins of opal, its historical significance, the source of its unique optical properties, and the evolving beliefs surrounding its use and symbolism.
A Gem Formed in Earth’s Embrace
Opal is unique among gemstones in its composition. It is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2), meaning it lacks a crystalline structure. This distinguishes it from quartz, a crystalline form of silica. Opal is formed from silica-rich water that seeps into cracks and voids in the earth, often in sedimentary rock formations. As the water evaporates, it leaves behind deposits of silica spheres. The size and arrangement of these spheres determine the type of opal and the nature of its play of color.
Significant opal deposits are found in several locations worldwide. Australia is particularly renowned for its white and black precious opal. In the United States, commercial mining operations in Arizona produce blue precious opal, sold primarily at gem shows. Mexico has historically been a source of fire opal, characterized by its vibrant red, orange, and yellow hues. Nevada also yields precious opal, though it often exhibits the same crazing issues as opal from other locations. Virgin Valley, Nevada, is a notable location where individuals can even dig for opal themselves at fee mines. Common opal and opalized wood are also found in various locations throughout the state.
History and Lore: From Royal Adornment to Literary Curse
The history of opal is a complex one, marked by periods of intense admiration and subsequent distrust. In ancient times, opal was highly valued. It was believed to be beneficial to the eyes and was even thought to grant invisibility, earning it the Latin designation patronus furum, or “patron of thieves.” Some believed it aided in astral projection. Throughout much of human history, opal was considered a lucky stone, worn by royalty and commoners alike. It was once considered second only to the emerald in the esteem of kings.
However, the opal’s reputation took a dramatic turn in the 19th century, largely due to its portrayal in Sir Walter Scott’s 1829 novel, Anne of Geierstein. In the story, an opal worn by the heroine dramatically loses its color upon her death, symbolizing misfortune and tragedy. This fictional depiction fueled a growing superstition that opals were unlucky for anyone not born in October. This association was further cemented by Victorian-era literature, which often linked gemstones to specific meanings and fortunes.
The idea that the diamond industry deliberately spread the “opal curse” to boost diamond sales is a popular theory, but evidence supporting this claim is lacking. The superstition appears to have originated independently from the literary portrayal and gained traction through cultural beliefs. Despite this negative association, many still regard opal as a good luck stone, and its symbolism remains as varied as its play of color.
The Science of Color: Understanding Opal’s Unique Beauty
What distinguishes opal from other gemstones is its “play of color” – the shimmering, iridescent effect that seems to dance within the stone. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through the microscopic silica spheres within the opal. The size and arrangement of these spheres determine the colors that are displayed. Smaller spheres produce blue and violet hues, while larger spheres create red and orange colors.
Precious opal is categorized based on its body color, including white, black, pink, and blue. Fire opal, a commercially important variety, is characterized by its bright red, reddish-yellow, orange, or brownish-red body color. The value of an opal is determined by the intensity and range of its play of color, as well as its clarity, cut, and carat weight.
Challenges to Durability and Modern Care
Opal, despite its beauty, presents certain challenges regarding durability. It is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, making it susceptible to scratches, chips, and cracks. A common issue affecting opal is “crazing,” a process where fine cracks develop across the surface, eventually leading to a crumbling, sand-like deterioration. Exposure to air can exacerbate crazing, which is why museum pieces are often displayed in liquids like water, glycerine, or mineral oil.
Because of its fragility, opal is not ideally suited for everyday jewelry, particularly rings. However, protective settings like bezels or halos can help shield the stone from damage. Cleaning opal jewelry requires gentle care. It is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. A soft cloth and mild soapy water are generally sufficient for maintaining its luster. It is also important to avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures, as these can cause the opal to dry out and crack.
Symbolism and Contemporary Perspectives
In modern times, opal is increasingly viewed as a symbol of personal transformation, emotional healing, and protection. Its diverse range of colors allows it to represent a wide spectrum of emotions and qualities, from passion and creativity to serenity and purity. While the historical superstitions persist, many now embrace opal for its unique beauty and positive symbolism.
Opal is also gaining popularity as a unique choice for engagement rings, offering a romantic and one-of-a-kind alternative to traditional diamond rings. However, prospective buyers should be aware of the stone’s relative softness and the importance of selecting a protective setting. The inherent uniqueness of each opal, with its individual play of color, makes it a meaningful symbol of a couple’s distinct bond.
Conclusion
Opal is a gemstone of captivating beauty and complex history. From its ancient origins as a symbol of hope and protection to its Victorian-era association with misfortune, the opal’s story reflects the ever-changing nature of human belief and perception. While the superstition surrounding its use outside of October persists, the opal continues to be cherished for its unique play of color, its symbolic richness, and its enduring appeal to gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Its geological formation, delicate structure, and evolving lore make it a fascinating subject for study and appreciation.