Turquoise holds a distinguished position among gemstones, celebrated for its captivating blue-green hues and a history stretching back millennia. As one of the three birthstones for December, alongside tanzanite and blue zircon, turquoise has been prized by cultures worldwide for over 5,000 years. This semi-translucent to opaque gem, often displaying unique matrix patterns, continues to captivate with its beauty and the rich symbolism it carries. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of turquoise, providing a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
Turquoise boasts one of the longest histories of any gemstone, with evidence of its use dating back to 4000 BC in Egypt. Archaeological discoveries in western Iran reveal turquoise artifacts in burial sites from as early as 7000 BCE, solidifying its status as the world’s oldest gem material. Ancient Egyptians held turquoise in high regard, referring to it as “mefkat,” meaning “joy” and “delight,” and associating it with good luck, fertility, and the goddess Hathor. They fashioned the stone into amulets, beads, and other small objects, believing it possessed protective powers and enhanced a warrior’s accuracy.
Ancient China also embraced turquoise, carving it into objects 3000 years ago. The stone’s journey to Europe occurred through Turkish trade routes in the thirteenth century, leading to its French name, “pierre tourques,” or “Turkish stone.” The American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized turquoise as a December birthstone in 1912, and it remains a popular choice today. It is also traditionally associated with the eleventh wedding anniversary and the zodiac sign of Sagittarius.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is formed through a chemical reaction involving copper, aluminum, zinc, and iron. The presence of iron imparts a greenish hue, while zinc contributes to a yellowish tone. The gem’s color can be affected over time by exposure to body oils and moisture. The most highly sought-after color is “robin’s egg blue,” also known as “sky blue” or “Persian blue,” a term now used to describe turquoise of this color regardless of its origin.
Historically, the Nishapur district of Iran was a primary source of turquoise for over 1,000 years, renowned for producing intensely colored, even-toned blue specimens. Today, China is the world’s largest producer, with most gem-quality turquoise originating from Hubei Province. In the United States, Arizona and Nevada are currently the largest producers, although New Mexico was the leading source until the 1920s. Notable U.S. mines include Dry Creek, Easter Blue, Emerald Valley, Fox, and the historically significant Kingman mine in Arizona. Arizona’s Sleeping Beauty mine, now closed, was a prolific producer for over four decades. Other sources include Mexico, the Middle East, and Kazakhstan.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise typically exhibits a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to abrasion. It can be cracked by exposure to high temperatures or sudden temperature changes and is vulnerable to attack by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. The gem’s color ranges from blue to green, often displaying distinctive matrix patterns – remnants of the rock in which it formed – which are considered part of its unique character.
Common treatments for turquoise include waxing, dyeing, and stabilization to enhance color and durability. The gem is semi-translucent to opaque. While generally stable, its color can change over time due to absorption of oils and moisture.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6 |
| Chemical Formula | Hydrated copper aluminum phosphate |
| Color | Blue to Green, often with matrix patterns |
| Transparency | Semi-translucent to Opaque |
| Treatments | Waxing, Dyeing, Stabilization |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians associated it with joy, delight, and good fortune. Across numerous ancient civilizations, including Persian and Native American cultures, turquoise was valued for its perceived protective qualities and its connection to prosperity, love, and good fortune.
Modern interpretations of turquoise’s symbolism emphasize its ability to promote positive energy, feelings of happiness and contentment, honesty in relationships, and spiritual awareness. Some believe wearing turquoise can enhance communication and encourage a deeper connection to one’s inner self.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning. It is best set in earrings or pendants to minimize wear and tear. While not recommended for daily wear in a ring, a protective mounting can allow for occasional use as a special-occasion jewel.
Cleaning turquoise is best accomplished with warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should never be used, as they can damage the stone. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals or prolonged sunlight, as these can affect its color and durability.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, bridging millennia of history and cultural significance. From its ancient origins in Egypt and Iran to its modern status as a beloved December birthstone, turquoise continues to captivate with its unique beauty and symbolic power. Its distinctive blue-green hues, often adorned with intricate matrix patterns, make it a truly remarkable gem, cherished by jewelry enthusiasts and those seeking a connection to the past. Its association with joy, good fortune, and spiritual well-being further enhances its appeal, solidifying its place as a timeless treasure.