December boasts a unique distinction among the months: it possesses not one, but three recognized birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, and zircon. Each gem carries its own rich history, distinct geological origins, and captivating symbolism, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the final month of the year. This article delves into the characteristics of each of these December birthstones, exploring their historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural associations, as understood through current gemological knowledge.
A History Rooted in Tradition: Turquoise
Turquoise holds the longest-standing claim as a December birthstone, with a history stretching back millennia. It was among the first gems mined by humankind, finding use in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and among Native American tribes. Its striking color, ranging from robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue, made it a symbol of protection, peace, and prosperity in many cultures. Some believed it created prosperity and shielded against evil.
Historically, significant turquoise deposits were found in the United States, with New Mexico being a major producer until the 1920s. Today, Arizona and Nevada are the primary sources within the U.S., with mines like Kingman and the now-closed Sleeping Beauty mine being particularly noteworthy. However, China currently leads global turquoise production, with the Hubei Province being the primary source of gem-quality material.
The Rise of Modern Favorites: Blue Topaz and Zircon
While turquoise holds a traditional place, blue topaz and zircon have gained prominence as modern December birthstones, particularly in the 20th century. The increased popularity of blue topaz is linked to advancements in treatment methods that enhance its blue coloration. Zircon, often found naturally brown but transformed to blue through heat treatment, offers a stable and vivid hue.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, registers a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to damage. It often requires treatment to improve its durability, appearance, and polish, sometimes involving dyeing, epoxy or acrylic resin enhancement, or filling cavities with metal-loaded epoxy.
Blue topaz, a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, exhibits a glass-like luster and strong chemical bonding, resulting in a hardness greater than most silicate minerals. Its color ranges from deep inky blues (London Blue) to lighter shades (Swiss Blue and Sky Blue). Most commercially available blue topaz is created by irradiating naturally colorless topaz. The chemical formula for blue topaz is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4.
Zircon, also a silicate, ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Heat treatment can sometimes be reversed with prolonged exposure to bright light, causing the stone to revert to its original color, often a light brown.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range | Treatment(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated Phosphate of Copper and Aluminum | 5-6 | Robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue | Dyeing, epoxy/acrylic resin, epoxy filling |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | 8 | Dark inky blue to light aqua | Irradiation |
| Zircon | Silicate | 6-7.5 | Blue, green, red, colorless, honey gold | Heat treatment |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each birthstone carries symbolic meaning and is associated with various metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energies and evil spirits. Blue zircon is traditionally linked to wisdom, confidence, and prosperity, and is thought to aid in restful sleep, enhance intuition, and create a protective aura. It is also believed to assist with meditation and improve organizational abilities. While specific metaphysical properties of turquoise and blue topaz are detailed, information regarding zircon’s symbolism is less extensive within the provided sources.
Care and Cleaning: Preserving Your December Birthstone
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of each December birthstone. Due to its relative softness, turquoise requires gentle handling and should never be cleaned with steam or ultrasonic cleaners. Warm, soapy water is the safest cleaning method. It is susceptible to damage from acids, chemicals, cosmetics, and even skin oils.
Blue topaz is more durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, but avoid ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon, prone to abrasion, should be worn with care and avoided in rough conditions. Cleaning should be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended. Heat-treated zircon may experience color alteration with prolonged exposure to heat.
Astrological Connections
According to Western astrology, blue zircon may particularly benefit those with zodiac signs including Cancer, Gemini, Virgo, Capricorn, or Aquarius. In Indian astrological traditions, Libra and Taurus signs are also considered compatible with this gemstone. Blue zircon is especially recommended for creative professionals, believed to enhance their abilities.
The Overlap of Sources
It is worth noting that zircon is often found in proximity to sapphire deposits, with shared mining locations including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. This geological association highlights the interconnectedness of gemstone formation and discovery.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, and zircon – offer a captivating array of choices, each with a unique history, gemological profile, and symbolic significance. From the ancient traditions surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of blue topaz and zircon, these gems represent a diverse and beautiful spectrum of color and meaning. Whether seeking a traditional symbol of protection or a contemporary expression of style, the December birthstones provide a wealth of options for those born in the final month of the year.