Peridot, a vibrant green gem, holds a prominent place as one of the recognized birthstones for August, alongside sardonyx and spinel. Historically often confused with emeralds, peridot boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and a captivating range of symbolism. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia, with evidence suggesting its use and reverence in ancient civilizations. Some historians believe that the famed emeralds of Cleopatra were, in fact, peridot sourced from the island of Topazios in the Red Sea – now known as Zabargad. This island was a significant source of the gem for the ancient world. The name “topaz” itself is believed to derive from the ancient Greek name for this island.
Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot was highly valued and often incorporated into religious artifacts. Notably, over 200 carats of peridot are featured in the Three Holy Kings shrine within Cologne Cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating back to 1248. During this period, the gem was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off “the terrors of the night” and repelling enchantment and melancholy. Romans wore peridot as a defense against these perceived evils.
While few superstitions are specifically associated with peridot, its long-standing association with royalty and religious significance underscores its historical importance. The gem was often referred to as “evening emerald” due to its vibrant color, particularly noticeable in low light conditions.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of olivine, a mineral formed under specific geological conditions. While the sources detail sardonyx originating from India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany, peridot’s origins are more specifically linked to volcanic activity. The gem forms deep within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions.
Historically, Zabargad Island in the Red Sea was a primary source of peridot. However, modern sources indicate that peridot is also found in the American Southwest, making the gem more accessible in contemporary jewelry. Specific details regarding other significant mining locations are not provided within the available sources.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a distinctive range of green hues, from bright grassy shades to rich olive greens and even yellow-tinted greens. The most desirable peridot stones are typically lime green or olive green in color.
While a detailed chemical formula or refractive index is not provided in the sources, it is established that peridot is a variety of olivine. The sources do not provide information on clarity, cut, or carat weight standards for peridot.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history and across various cultures, peridot has been attributed with a range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In Feng Shui, peridot is valued for its use in meditation. Metaphysical author Melody suggests that peridot aids wearers through personal cycles, facilitating understanding of life changes, healing bruised egos, and magnifying inner aspects of situations.
Hall suggests that peridot creates a protective field around the body and brings good luck to mothers during delivery. Additionally, peridot is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering humility in victory. It is associated with the heart, similar to other red-hued stones like carnelian.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care and cleaning instructions for peridot. However, given its composition as a variety of olivine, general gemstone care guidelines would apply.
The Addition of Spinel as an August Birthstone
The traditional August birthstones, peridot and sardonyx, were joined by spinel in 2016. This addition, made by the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), marked an unprecedented change to the widely recognized birthstone list, which had remained relatively stable for over a century. Spinel, often historically mistaken for ruby, is available in a range of colors, including red, blue, yellow-orange (rubicelle), purple (almandine), and green (chlorospinel). Red spinel, in particular, has been confused with ruby due to its similar appearance, leading to instances where historical “rubies” were, in fact, spinel. One notable example is the large red centerpiece of the British State Crown, which was discovered to be a spinel rather than a ruby.
Distinguishing Spinel from Ruby
Before modern gemological practices, distinguishing between spinel and ruby was challenging, especially as they often occurred in the same mines. A key difference lies in their crystal structure: spinel has a cubic structure (similar to garnet and diamond), often displaying twinning crystals, while rubies are dichromatic, exhibiting different hues when viewed from different angles. Spinel also tends to be one consistent color throughout the stone, unlike rubies.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its captivating green hues and rich history, remains a significant and cherished birthstone for August. From its ancient origins as Cleopatra’s “emeralds” to its medieval use in religious artifacts, peridot has held a place of reverence for centuries. The addition of spinel as a modern alternative provides a broader range of options for those seeking a meaningful August birthstone. The gem’s enduring appeal lies not only in its beauty but also in the symbolism and metaphysical properties attributed to it, making it a truly special and timeless gemstone.