December is unique among months in possessing not one, but a selection of recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, lapis lazuli, and tanzanite. Each gem carries its own history, symbolism, and aesthetic appeal, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the final month of the year. This article will explore the origins, properties, and cultural significance of these December birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and gemological insights.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year has evolved over centuries. While the modern standardization of birthstones occurred in 1912 by the Jewelers of America, the practice of linking gems to astrological signs and months dates back to ancient civilizations. Turquoise, one of December’s most prominent birthstones, boasts a particularly long and storied past. Known as “turkis” or “turkeystone,” it was sourced from Persia and the Sinai Peninsula, reaching Europe through trade routes via Constantinople. From the earliest times, turquoise was highly valued for creating amulets, easily carved into shapes and inscribed with protective symbols.
Lapis lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, also holds ancient significance. Its deep azure tones were associated with wisdom and royalty, appearing in the art and adornments of ancient civilizations. In Babylonian lore, the mythical tree bearing emeralds as fruit was also linked to lapis lazuli, signifying a connection to divine realms. Zircon, while also a December birthstone, has a history less steeped in ancient lore compared to turquoise and lapis lazuli, but has been prized for its brilliance.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones vary considerably. Turquoise forms in relatively shallow deposits, often near copper mines, through a chemical reaction involving water, copper ions, and aluminum phosphates. Significant sources historically included Persia and the Sinai Peninsula, with modern sources also found in the United States, particularly in the Southwest.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals like calcite and pyrite. Its formation requires specific geological conditions, and it is typically found in mountainous regions. Historically, Afghanistan has been a major source of high-quality lapis lazuli, and continues to be a significant producer.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and alluvial deposits. While found in various locations globally, specific sources are not detailed within the provided materials. Tanzanite, though mentioned as a December birthstone, lacks details regarding its geological formation and sources in the provided texts.
Gemological Properties
The December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties. Turquoise, ranking between 5 and 6 on the Mohs hardness scale, is considered a relatively soft gemstone. This softness makes it susceptible to damage from everyday wear, cosmetics, and even sunlight.
Lapis lazuli, similarly, is not exceptionally hard, making it prone to scratching and abrasion. Zircon, however, possesses a Mohs hardness of 7.5-8, indicating greater durability. The provided materials do not offer specific details regarding the chemical composition or refractive index of these stones.
The color of each gemstone is a defining characteristic. Turquoise is known for its captivating blue-green hues, while lapis lazuli displays deep azure tones. Zircon exhibits a range of colors, though specific color variations are not detailed in the provided sources.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection, believed to ward off danger and bring good fortune. It was also prized by lovers and married couples as a symbol of enduring relationships and friendship. Some believed that turquoise could even warn its wearer of impending illness or danger by changing color.
Lapis lazuli, with its association with wisdom and royalty, was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Tibetans considered turquoise a birthstone of fortune, health, and success, even using it as a form of currency. Ancient Incas and Mayas offered turquoise as gifts to their gods, while Native Americans of the Southwest associated it with youth and strength. Hindu mystics believed that holding turquoise during a new moon would bring wealth.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying degrees of hardness, the December birthstones require different levels of care. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is particularly vulnerable to damage. It is recommended to wear turquoise jewelry as earrings or pendants rather than rings, minimizing exposure to abrasive surfaces. Cleaning should be done gently with warm water and mild dish soap, avoiding steam or ultrasonic cleaners.
Lapis lazuli also requires careful handling to prevent scratching. Zircon, with its greater hardness, is more durable but still benefits from gentle cleaning and protection from harsh chemicals. The provided materials do not offer specific care instructions for tanzanite.
Additional December Birthstones and Astrological Considerations
While turquoise, zircon, and lapis lazuli are traditionally associated with December, the provided sources also mention tanzanite as a modern December birthstone. Furthermore, the sources introduce the concept of astrological influences on birthstone selection. According to some astrologists, individuals born on specific dates within December may align more closely with the birthstones of adjacent months. For example, those born between December 1 and 21 may resonate with emerald, the birthstone for Sagittarius, while those born between December 22 and 31 may find Chalcedony, the birthstone for Capricorn, particularly suitable. This highlights the nuanced and sometimes overlapping nature of birthstone associations.
The Standardization of Birthstones
The standardization of birthstones in 1912 by the Jewelers of America aimed to create a more consistent and commercially viable system. Prior to this, regional variations and personal preferences often dictated birthstone choices. The modern list, while providing a clear framework, acknowledges that alternative birthstones may be appropriate based on individual astrological alignments or personal preferences. The introduction of citrine as a November birthstone, for example, was driven by its affordability and availability as an alternative to topaz.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, zircon, lapis lazuli, and tanzanite – represent a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the protective powers attributed to turquoise to the wisdom associated with lapis lazuli, these gems offer a connection to ancient traditions and cultural beliefs. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and appropriate care ensures that these beautiful stones can be cherished for generations. The diverse selection of December birthstones allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personal style and beliefs, making the final month of the year particularly special for gemstone enthusiasts.