December boasts a unique distinction among the months: it is represented by not one, but three birthstones – tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Each of these gems offers a distinctive shade of blue, providing a diverse selection for those born in the final month of the year. These stones carry with them rich histories, captivating lore, and unique gemological properties, making them highly sought after in the world of jewelry.
History and Lore
Turquoise holds the longest documented history of the three December birthstones, with evidence of its use dating back to 7000 BCE in western Iran, discovered in ancient burial sites. Ancient China also utilized turquoise in carvings approximately 3000 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians held turquoise in high regard, considering it a holy stone associated with good luck, fertility, and the goddess Hathor. They fashioned it into amulets and beads, believing it improved a warrior’s accuracy. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized turquoise as a December birthstone. It is also traditionally associated with the 11th wedding anniversary.
Zircon’s name has debated origins. Some believe it stems from the Sanskrit word “Tapas,” meaning “fire,” while others trace it to the Greek word “Topazos,” referring to an island in the Red Sea.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, officially recognized by the American Gem Trade Association in 2002. The Maasai people of Tanzania have a legend surrounding its discovery, claiming the land was struck by lightning, transforming the rocks into the shimmering blue stone. They traditionally gift tanzanite to mothers after childbirth, symbolizing health, well-being, and prosperity. Tanzanite is also associated with the zodiac sign Sagittarius and the 8th and 24th wedding anniversaries.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources for these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, as its ancient history suggests, is mined globally, though specific locations are not detailed in the provided sources. Tanzanite, however, is notably unique in its origin. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, contributing to its rarity and value. Zircon is also mined around the world, but specific mining locations are not provided in the available sources.
Gemological Properties
Each of these birthstones possesses distinct gemological characteristics. Turquoise is a traditional gem material, but its specific chemical composition and hardness are not detailed in the provided sources. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, registers between 6 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This means it is resistant to everyday wear but can be susceptible to scratching and should be handled with care. It can also crack if exposed to sudden or extreme temperature changes and is vulnerable to attack by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Most tanzanite begins as brownish zoisite and undergoes heat treatment to achieve its characteristic blue to violet hues, a process that results in a permanent color change with no additional durability concerns.
Blue topaz, a popular modern choice for December, is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. It exhibits a glass-like luster and possesses strong chemical bonding, making it harder than many silicate minerals. Varieties of blue topaz are categorized by their color intensity, including London Blue (deep inky blue), Swiss Blue (vibrant medium light blue), and Sky Blue (light aqua). Commercially available blue topaz is often created by irradiating naturally colorless topaz.
Here's a table summarizing the hardness of the December birthstones:
| Birthstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Tanzanite | 6-7 |
| Blue Topaz | Not specified in sources |
| Turquoise | Not specified in sources |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, good fortune, and spiritual connection. Ancient Egyptians believed it brought joy and improved accuracy in warriors. Tanzanite is linked to new beginnings, transformation, beauty, intuition, and raising consciousness. Historically, it was believed to strengthen the immune system, detoxify blood, and regenerate cells. Blue topaz, derived from the Sanskrit word for “fire,” has been associated with warmth and fortune.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Tanzanite requires gentle handling due to its moderate hardness and susceptibility to temperature changes. Avoid sudden temperature shifts, extreme heat, steam cleaners, and ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning should be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, followed by drying with a soft cloth. Tanzanite is best suited for settings in earrings or pendants, as it is not recommended for daily wear in rings without a protective mounting.
Blue topaz, while durable, should also be protected from extreme temperatures. Specific cleaning instructions for turquoise are not provided in the sources.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite and the enduring appeal of blue topaz, these gems offer a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful birthstone. Each stone carries its own unique lore and gemological properties, making them treasured possessions for generations to come.