December is a month steeped in tradition, marking the end of the year with celebrations of change, camaraderie, and reflection. Fittingly, this month boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, lapis lazuli, and zircon. While the list of December birthstones has evolved over time, these gems share a rich history and enduring appeal, each offering unique symbolism and aesthetic qualities. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these captivating December birthstones.
A Shifting Legacy: The History of December Birthstones
The designation of birthstones has a long and complex history, evolving from biblical associations to modern commercial practices. Early traditions linked specific gemstones to the twelve tribes of Israel or the twelve apostles, with ruby initially associated with December. However, the modern birthstone list began to take shape in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In 1870, Tiffany & Co. published a pamphlet associating turquoise with December. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) officially recognized turquoise as the primary December birthstone, with lapis lazuli listed as an alternative. Subsequent additions occurred in 1952 with the inclusion of zircon, and again in 2002 with the addition of tanzanite, though tanzanite is less consistently cited as a traditional December stone. Turquoise has remained the most consistently listed December birthstone throughout these changes. The evolution of the list demonstrates a dynamic process influenced by both historical precedent and contemporary preferences.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Good Fortune
Turquoise, with its captivating blue-green hues, holds a prominent place in the history of gemstones. Its use dates back millennia, with evidence of turquoise jewelry found in ancient Egypt as early as 5500 BC. Egyptians mined turquoise, referred to as mefkat meaning “joy,” and valued it for protection and status, associating it with the sky and motherhood goddess Hathor.
Ancient Persians, calling it pērōzah (“victory”), believed turquoise possessed heavenly qualities and adorned turbans, weapons, and mosques with the gem. The Greeks and Romans also prized turquoise, crafting beads, necklaces, and rings from the stone. In Aztec culture, turquoise, known as chalchihuitl, was considered sacred, a gift from the deity Quetzalcoatl, and was even buried with rulers. Native American tribes similarly revered turquoise, utilizing it in ceremonial items, talismans, and as a form of currency, believing it ensured accurate aim when attached to bows.
Today, turquoise is sourced from various locations, including Iran, historically prized for its intense “robin’s egg blue” variety, as well as Arizona and Nevada in the United States. Mines like Kingman in Arizona and the now-closed Sleeping Beauty mine have been significant producers.
Lapis Lazuli: Wisdom, Royalty, and Enlightenment
Lapis lazuli, characterized by its deep azure tones, has long been associated with wisdom and royalty. In ancient civilizations, it was considered a stone of truth and enlightenment, believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. As a December birthstone, lapis lazuli resonates with those seeking inner wisdom and a connection to higher consciousness. Its rich blue color evokes the vastness of the night sky, offering a sense of serenity and expansiveness.
While specific geological details are not provided in the sources, lapis lazuli’s historical significance is well documented.
Zircon: A Gem of Victory and Versatility
Zircon, added to the December birthstone list in 1952, offers a different aesthetic appeal. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural zircon is a distinct gemstone with a long history. The sources do not provide details on the geological formation or specific mining locations of zircon. However, it is noted that zircon is resistant to the effects of normal heat, light, and common chemicals, falling between 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It can, however, be susceptible to cracking with sudden temperature changes and is attacked by certain acids.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While detailed gemological data is limited within the provided sources, some properties can be summarized.
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue-Green | 5-6 | Opaque, often with matrix (veins of host rock) |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep Azure Blue | 5-6 | Opaque, often with pyrite inclusions (golden flecks) |
| Zircon | Various, including Blue | 6-7 | Resistant to heat and light, can be brittle |
The sources emphasize that most tanzanite requires heat treatment to achieve its characteristic blue to violet hues, and this treatment is permanent.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these December birthstones carries distinct symbolic meanings. Turquoise is often associated with protection, good fortune, and peace. It is believed to instill inner calm and foster creativity. Lapis lazuli symbolizes wisdom, truth, and enlightenment, encouraging intellectual pursuits and spiritual growth. Zircon, while less explicitly detailed in its symbolism within the sources, is linked to victory and prosperity.
Historically, turquoise held significant cultural weight. In Tibet, it was considered a national treasure believed to grant health and protection from evil. In European tradition, a turquoise ring symbolized “forget me not.”
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these December birthstones requires specific care. Tanzanite, due to its relative brittleness, is best set in earrings or pendants and should be protected from high temperatures and sudden temperature changes. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method for tanzanite; ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided. Turquoise and lapis lazuli, being softer stones, require gentle handling and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Zircon, while more durable, should also be protected from harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, lapis lazuli, and zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, symbolism, and aesthetic beauty. From the ancient civilizations that revered turquoise for its protective qualities to the modern appreciation of lapis lazuli’s intellectual associations and zircon’s vibrant hues, these gems continue to hold a special place in the world of gemstones. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their visual splendor but also in the rich cultural narratives they embody, making them meaningful and cherished possessions for those born in the final month of the year.