December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but four official gems: turquoise, zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. All celebrated for their beautiful shades of blue, these gemstones offer a diverse range of histories, meanings, and aesthetic qualities. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of each of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich symbolism associated with these captivating gems.
A Quartet of Blues: Historical Significance and Origins
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year has evolved over centuries. Turquoise holds the distinction of being one of the oldest gemstones used in jewelry and adornment, with a history stretching back nearly 6,000 years. Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai desert, crafting it into scarab amulets, while Persian architects incorporated crushed turquoise into mosque domes. In the American Southwest, Navajo silversmiths revered the stone as “stone fallen from the sky,” believing it offered protection from thunder gods.
Zircon, while less prominently featured in ancient lore compared to turquoise, has also been valued for millennia. Blue topaz and tanzanite represent more recent additions to the December birthstone family. Tanzanite is one of the more recently discovered birthstones, while blue topaz has been a popular gem for centuries, with its blue hues becoming particularly favored in modern times.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, typically ranging in color from blue to green. Its formation occurs in arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. The presence of copper and aluminum contributes to its characteristic blue and green hues, while veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock – add unique patterns and character.
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, often alongside sapphire deposits. Sources include Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The gem ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness.
Blue topaz is formed in igneous rocks and is commonly found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is exclusively found in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. It begins as brownish zoisite, requiring heat treatment to reveal the vibrant blue to violet hues that define this December birthstone.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of the December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
Turquoise: Opaque, ranging from blue to green, often with matrix veining. Zircon: Ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. Commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red. Blue Topaz: Typically transparent to translucent, exhibiting a range of blue shades. Tanzanite: Exhibits strong trichroism, displaying blue, violet, and burgundy hues depending on the viewing angle. Ranges from 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range | Transparency | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Not Specified | Blue to Green | Opaque | Matrix Veining |
| Zircon | 6 - 7.5 | Blue, Colorless, Orange, Red | Transparent | Often Heat-Treated |
| Blue Topaz | Not Specified | Various Shades of Blue | Transparent | |
| Tanzanite | 6 - 7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | Transparent | Trichroism |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to guarantee health and good fortune. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard against falls, particularly from horses, and to warn of impending disaster by breaking into pieces. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after beholding the new moon would bring wealth.
Zircon has been associated with prosperity and wisdom. Turquoise is believed to calm nerves and aid in navigation through life’s challenges, making it a talisman for travelers. Blue topaz is often linked to communication and emotional balance, while tanzanite is thought to promote transformation and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, is susceptible to scratching and should be set in protective settings like earrings or pendants. Avoid exposure to high temperatures and sudden temperature changes, as this can cause cracking. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended for tanzanite. Warm, soapy water is the preferred method for cleaning.
Zircon, also ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, should be handled with care to avoid abrasion. Avoid wearing it during activities that could cause rough wear. Clean with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water, avoiding ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
Turquoise, being a relatively softer stone, requires gentle handling. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners. Blue topaz is relatively durable but should still be protected from scratches and impacts. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water is generally sufficient for all four gemstones.
The Allure of Blue: A Modern Perspective
The prevalence of blue hues among December birthstones is particularly fitting for the winter season. The cool, calming tones evoke feelings of tranquility and serenity. Whether one is drawn to the earthy elegance of turquoise, the fiery brilliance of zircon, the tranquil blues of topaz, or the transformative symbolism of tanzanite, each gemstone offers a unique way to celebrate the spirit of December. The versatility of these stones allows them to be incorporated into a wide range of jewelry styles, from bold statement pieces to delicate everyday wear.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From ancient origins to modern discoveries, these gems have captivated cultures for millennia. Each stone possesses unique properties and meanings, offering a diverse range of options for those born in December. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, metaphysical properties, or personal significance, these gemstones serve as timeless symbols of elegance and individuality.