Peridot, with its distinctive mossy-green coloration, holds the esteemed position as the primary birthstone for August in the United Kingdom. Revered throughout history and possessing a unique geological origin, this gemstone offers a captivating blend of scientific interest and cultural significance. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and symbolism of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this vibrant gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back millennia, with early sources originating from a volcanic island in the Red Sea, once known as Topazios, now called St. John’s Island or Zabargad. These ancient Egyptian gemstones were highly valued and often referred to as the “gem of the sun,” believed to possess the power to ward off nighttime fears. Some historians even propose that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may, in fact, have largely consisted of peridot, a testament to its historical prestige and visual appeal.
For centuries, peridot was often misidentified as other gemstones, particularly topaz and emerald, due to its similar coloration. The island of Topazios was, ironically, believed to be the source of topaz, but it was peridot that was actually being mined there. This misidentification continued for a considerable period, with stones believed to be emeralds adorning significant historical artifacts, such as the 200 carats of gems within Germany’s Cologne Cathedral’s Shrine of the Three Holy Kings, which were later confirmed to be peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is born from extreme geological conditions. It is a variety of the mineral olivine, (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, and is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. The gemstone is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered within pallasite meteorites, originating from outer space, adding to its mystique. While meteorite-sourced peridot exists, these stones are typically too small for use in jewelry.
The color of peridot is directly linked to its iron content. Variations range from yellow to brownish-green, with the most desirable stones exhibiting a vivid lime-green or olive-green hue. The gem is cut into various shapes and sizes, and its relative affordability compared to other gemstones makes it a popular choice for jewelry design.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical composition is primarily magnesium and iron, classifying it as a semi-precious stone. Its color, ranging from yellowish-green to brownish-green, is a defining characteristic. The name “peridot” is pronounced “Peri-doh,” rather than “Peri-dot.”
While the provided sources do not detail specific refractive indices or hardness values, peridot’s ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light earns it the nickname “evening emerald.” This characteristic distinguishes it from true emeralds, despite the visual similarities. The gem’s formation within volcanic sources and its presence in meteorites contribute to its unique allure.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings. Ancient cultures believed it held protective powers, shielding wearers from negativity and fear. In some traditions, red gems like spinel (often mistaken for ruby in the past) were thought to have healing properties, particularly for blood-related ailments or inflammation. While the sources do not elaborate on specific metaphysical beliefs surrounding peridot itself, its historical association with the sun suggests a connection to vitality, energy, and positivity.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for peridot. However, given its composition and relative hardness, gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is generally recommended. Avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners is advisable to preserve its luster and prevent damage.
The Expanding Family of August Birthstones
Traditionally, peridot and sardonyx were the sole birthstones associated with August. However, in 2016, spinel was added as a third birthstone for the month, providing individuals born in August with a wider selection of gemstones to choose from. This change reflects a broader trend of assigning multiple birthstones to months, offering greater affordability and personalization options for jewelry purchases. The addition of spinel acknowledges its historical misidentification as ruby and its growing popularity as a gemstone in its own right.
Spinel: A Newly Recognized August Gem
Spinel, a gemstone historically mistaken for ruby, has gained recognition as a significant August birthstone. A notable example of this historical confusion is a large red spinel set within the British Imperial State Crown, previously believed to be a ruby. The sources indicate that spinel was believed to possess healing properties, particularly for blood-related illnesses.
Sardonyx: A Traditional August Stone
Sardonyx, a banded variety of onyx, is another traditional birthstone for August. It is characterized by its reddish-brown color with white banding. Sardonyx has a history dating back over 4,000 years and originates from locations such as India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
The Modern Landscape of Birthstone Choices
The expansion of birthstone options for each month is driven by both economic and practical considerations. Providing multiple choices allows individuals to find gemstones that fit their budget and personal preferences. While changes to birthstone allocations are infrequent, the addition of spinel to the August lineup demonstrates a willingness to adapt to evolving consumer demands and a greater appreciation for the diversity of gemstones.
Conclusion
Peridot, the vibrant green gem of August, boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient origins as the “gem of the sun” to its modern status as a beloved birthstone, peridot continues to captivate with its beauty and mystique. The addition of spinel and the continued recognition of sardonyx further enrich the selection of gemstones available to those born in August, offering a diverse palette of colors and meanings to celebrate this late summer month. The story of peridot, alongside its fellow August birthstones, is a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their place in human history and culture.