August boasts a unique distinction among the birthstones, possessing not one, but three recognized gems: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. While peridot remains the most widely recognized and traditional August birthstone, spinel has recently been added to the list, offering a broader spectrum of color and symbolism for those born in this summer month. Sardonyx, though less prominent, contributes a rich historical significance to the August birthstone trio. This article will explore the geological origins, historical lore, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with each of these captivating gemstones.
History and Lore
The history of August’s birthstones spans millennia, with each gem carrying its own unique narrative. Peridot’s story is particularly ancient, with mining activity dating back to ancient Egypt. Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it possessed protective powers against evil spirits, especially when set in gold. This gem was sourced from the island of Topazios (now St. John’s Island, or Zabargad) in the Red Sea, though it was often mistakenly identified as emerald for centuries. Cleopatra herself was said to have adorned herself with peridot, and some historical emeralds, such as those found in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany, are now believed to be peridot.
Sardonyx also enjoys a long history, favored by ancient civilizations for its perceived protective qualities. Roman warriors carried sardonyx amulets into battle, believing the stone would provide strength and ensure victory. Ancient Greeks and Romans frequently used sardonyx in carvings, cameos, and seals, valuing its ability to enhance communication skills.
Spinel, while gaining recognition as an August birthstone more recently, has a history intertwined with that of rubies and sapphires. For centuries, vibrant red spinels were often mistaken for rubies, and blue spinels were thought to be sapphires, particularly in historical crown jewels. Its distinct properties were only recognized with advancements in gemological science. Author Judy Hall attributes refreshing properties to spinel, suggesting it can renew energy and foster humility in victory.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation and sourcing of these three gemstones differ significantly. Peridot is formed in the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is often found in mafic volcanic rocks, such as basalt, and in peridotite xenoliths within these rocks. While historically sourced from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea, peridot is now also found in countries like the United States, Brazil, China, Vietnam, and Pakistan.
Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is a banded chalcedony formed from silica deposits in volcanic lava. Its distinctive red and white bands are created by layers of iron oxide. Sardonyx is sourced from India, but also found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Spinel crystallizes in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It forms alongside other gemstones like ruby and sapphire, which contributed to its historical misidentification. Spinel can be found in a variety of colors, including red, blue, green, and yellow, with sources including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Tanzania.
Gemological Properties
Each of the August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Peridot: Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical composition of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with the most desirable stones exhibiting a vivid lime-green or olive-green hue. The color is due to the presence of iron in its composition, and remains consistent under various lighting conditions.
Sardonyx: Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. It consists of alternating layers of red and white, creating a striking visual effect. Its composition is SiO₂.
Spinel: Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide with the formula MgAl₂O₄. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including red, orange, blue, and green. The different colors are due to trace elements within the crystal structure. Spinel is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar brilliance and color range, but it has a different crystal structure and is generally less expensive. Varieties of spinel are given industry names based on color, including rubicelle (yellow-orange), almandine (purple), sapphirine (blue), and chlorospinel (green).
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | Yellowish-green to Olive-green | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ | Red and White Banded | 6.5 - 7 |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Various (Red, Blue, Green, etc.) | 8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these August birthstones are imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Peridot is associated with growth, vitality, and renewal, representing a connection to nature and promoting love and emotional harmony. It resonates with the heart chakra, fostering positive energy and well-being.
Sardonyx symbolizes courage, clear communication, and confidence. It was believed to protect against negative energies and enhance eloquence. Its banded structure is often interpreted as representing strength and stability.
Spinel is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and promoting perseverance. It is associated with vitality, hope, and the acceptance of victory with humility. Red spinel, in particular, is often linked to the heart and passion.
August babies born under the Leo (July 23-August 22) zodiac sign are said to connect with peridot’s sunny energy, while Virgos (August 23-September 22) may find resonance with the stone’s stability and harmony-promoting qualities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of August birthstones. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, is relatively delicate and susceptible to scratches. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, requires similar gentle cleaning methods. Avoid abrasive cleaners that could damage its banded surface.
Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable than peridot and sardonyx. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, a soft brush, and ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, sardonyx, and spinel – offer a diverse and captivating range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient “gem of the sun” to the recently recognized spinel, each stone holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these August birthstones provide a meaningful and personal connection to the month of their birth.