December is one of the few months in the birthstone tradition that is associated with multiple gemstones, each offering a distinct color palette and symbolic meaning. The modern list of December birthstones includes blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite, while the traditional list also includes lapis lazuli and turquoise. These stones reflect the wintery beauty of the season and carry a rich history of cultural significance and metaphysical properties. This article explores the geological properties, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and care instructions for each of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive understanding of their allure and value.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in ancient civilizations such as the Hebrews, who believed that each stone in the Breastplate of Aaron corresponded to a tribe and a month. Over time, the tradition evolved, and the modern list of birthstones was formalized by organizations such as the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA). The inclusion of multiple stones for December reflects the diversity of gemstone options and the desire to accommodate different tastes and historical preferences.
Tanzanite – A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite was officially added to the December birthstone list in 2002 by the AGTA, making it one of the youngest of the modern birthstones. Discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, tanzanite is found only in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, which adds to its rarity and allure. The Maasai people of Tanzania have a legend that explains the origin of the stone: they believe that a bolt of lightning struck the earth, transforming the rocks into the deep blue and violet hues characteristic of tanzanite. This story has contributed to the stone’s cultural significance in the region, where it is given as a gift to newborns as a symbol of health, prosperity, and good fortune.
Throughout history, tanzanite has been associated with transformation and new beginnings. It is believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities, making it a favored stone among those seeking spiritual growth. Additionally, tanzanite is linked with the zodiac sign Sagittarius, further emphasizing its role in personal and cosmic transformation.
Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli – Ancient Symbols of Protection and Wisdom
While tanzanite is a relatively new addition to the December birthstone list, lapis lazuli and turquoise have been cherished for millennia. Both stones have been used in ancient civilizations, from Egypt to China, and have been associated with wisdom, protection, and divine favor.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold pyrite, has long been regarded as a stone of royalty and intellect. In ancient Egypt, it was used to craft amulets and inlay decorative objects, and it was believed to enhance wisdom and bring the favor of the gods. The stone is also mentioned in the Bible, where it is described as part of the sacred adornments of the high priest. Its association with wisdom and truth makes it a fitting symbol for those born in December.
Turquoise, with its blue-green hues, has been used as a protective talisman in many cultures. In ancient Egypt, it was ground into powder and used in cosmetics and pigments. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that offers protection and is often used in jewelry and ritual objects. Its calming and stabilizing properties are believed to promote emotional balance and inner peace.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December's birthstones has a unique geological origin and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding these origins helps to appreciate the rarity and value of these gemstones.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. The geological conditions in this area created the unique blue to violet color of tanzanite, which is due to trace amounts of vanadium and the heat treatment it often undergoes. The limited geographic source of tanzanite makes it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that has been used in jewelry for centuries and is known for its brilliance and refractive properties. Blue zircon, in particular, is prized for its vibrant blue color, which is achieved through heat treatment. Zircon is found in various locations around the world, including Australia, Thailand, and Cambodia. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been used in ancient jewelry as well as in modern designs.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that is often found in igneous rocks. Blue topaz is a popular variety that is created through irradiation and heat treatment to enhance its color. Natural blue topaz is rare, so most of the blue topaz available in the market is treated. Topaz is found in various countries, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. The name "topaz" is believed to have originated from either the Sanskrit word "tapas" meaning fire or the Greek word "topazos," referring to an island in the Red Sea.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, with smaller amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It is found in various locations around the world, including Afghanistan, which has been a major source for centuries. The presence of pyrite in lapis lazuli gives it a distinctive golden fleck that enhances its beauty.
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is formed in the oxidation zone of copper deposits. It is commonly found in arid regions and is often mined from surface outcrops. Major sources of turquoise include the United States, particularly in the Southwest, as well as Iran and China. The color of turquoise can vary depending on the presence of copper (which produces blue) and iron (which produces green).
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct gemological properties that affect their appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry. These properties include color, hardness, refractive index, and clarity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a trichromatic color that can appear blue, purple, or violet depending on the lighting. Its color is due to trace amounts of vanadium and the heat treatment it often undergoes. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches. It has a refractive index of 1.694 to 1.704 and is typically cut in a modified cushion or oval shape to enhance its color and brilliance.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fire-like appearance. It has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than tanzanite. Blue zircon is often cut in a round or oval shape to showcase its brilliance. It has a refractive index of 1.92 to 2.00 and is often used in jewelry due to its affordability and beauty.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.63 and is often cut in a round or princess shape to enhance its clarity and color. Blue topaz is a popular choice for jewelry due to its affordability and vibrant color.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. It has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches. It has a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.68 and is often carved or inlaid in jewelry to showcase its deep blue color and golden flecks.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale and is relatively soft, making it prone to scratches and damage. It has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.65 and is often stabilized or enhanced to improve its durability. Turquoise is commonly cut into cabochons to highlight its natural beauty and is often inlaid in jewelry.
Metaphysical and Symbolic Beliefs
In addition to their physical properties, December’s birthstones are associated with various metaphysical and symbolic beliefs. These beliefs vary across cultures and historical periods, but they often emphasize the stones’ ability to enhance personal qualities and provide protection.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to enhance intuition, psychic abilities, and emotional balance. It is associated with transformation and new beginnings, making it a favored stone for those undergoing personal or spiritual changes. The stone is also believed to promote health, wealth, and prosperity, and it is often used in meditation and healing practices.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and the ability to see the future. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to make clear decisions and to see through illusions. The stone is also thought to promote prosperity and success, making it a popular choice for those seeking financial or career growth.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional stability. It is believed to promote a sense of peace and balance, making it a popular choice for those dealing with stress or anxiety. The stone is also thought to enhance wisdom and the ability to communicate effectively.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and the expansion of consciousness. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote a deeper understanding of the self and the universe. The stone is also thought to provide protection and to enhance spiritual growth.
Turquoise
Turquoise is associated with protection, healing, and emotional balance. It is believed to promote a sense of calm and stability and to help the wearer navigate emotional challenges. The stone is also thought to provide protection from negative energies and to enhance communication and self-expression.
Care and Maintenance
Each of December’s birthstones requires specific care to maintain its beauty and durability. Proper cleaning and storage can help ensure that these gemstones remain vibrant and valuable for years to come.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water, followed by a gentle rinse and a soft cloth to dry. Avoid exposing tanzanite to extreme temperatures, steam cleaners, or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is more durable than tanzanite and can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, but it should be done with care to avoid excessive wear. Store blue zircon separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, but it should be done with care to avoid excessive wear. Store blue topaz separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water, followed by a gentle rinse and a soft cloth to dry. Avoid exposing lapis lazuli to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water, followed by a gentle rinse and a soft cloth to dry. Avoid exposing turquoise to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can cause damage.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—tanzanite, blue zircon, blue topaz, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich tapestry of colors, histories, and meanings. Each stone has its own unique properties and cultural significance, making them a perfect representation of the wintery charm of December. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant blue of topaz, the velvety allure of tanzanite, the deep azure of lapis lazuli, or the calming hues of turquoise, these gemstones provide a meaningful connection to history, culture, and personal identity. With proper care and appreciation, these stones can be cherished for generations, serving as beautiful reminders of the December birthstone tradition.