The August Birthstone: Peridot – A Gemstone of Volcanic Origin and Ancient Lore

August is a month of warmth, energy, and transformation, and its birthstone, peridot, reflects these qualities in both its origin and historical significance. Known for its vibrant green hues and its formation deep within the Earth—or even in meteorites—peridot carries a unique story that spans geological time and human culture. As one of the oldest gemstones used by humans, peridot has been prized for millennia, often mistaken for emeralds and topaz, and has played a role in everything from ancient Egyptian sun rituals to medieval European talismans.

This article delves into the history, science, and symbolism of peridot, the birthstone of August. It explores its geological formation, its cultural and spiritual significance across different civilizations, and its place in modern jewelry and gemology. Drawing on historical accounts, scientific descriptions, and traditional beliefs, this article provides a comprehensive overview of peridot as a gemstone of enduring fascination and value.

History and Lore

Peridot has a long and storied history that dates back thousands of years. The oldest recorded source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad, formerly known as Topazios. This island has been mined for peridot since around 340–279 BCE, and its gems were highly valued in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun,” associating it with solar power and life-giving energy. Some historians believe that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually been composed largely of peridot, given its similar green color and historical prevalence in the region.

Peridot was also known in ancient Rome, where it was sometimes called the “evening emerald” due to its ability to retain its vibrant color under candlelight. The Romans used peridot in signet rings and seals, appreciating its durability and the fact that hot wax would not stick to its surface. In medieval Europe, peridot was used in religious artifacts, including chalices and church decorations. A notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which is adorned with 200 carats of peridot that were once thought to be emeralds.

Peridot’s role as a birthstone for August was officially recognized in 1912 when the list of birthstones was standardized. However, it is worth noting that peridot was not always the sole August birthstone. Sardonyx, a banded form of chalcedony, was the original August birthstone and had been used for over 4,000 years. Spinel was added as a secondary August birthstone in 2016, but peridot remains the most popular and well-known gemstone associated with the month.

Geological Formation and Sources

Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, and its chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. The color of peridot is determined by the ratio of magnesium and iron in the crystal structure. Magnesium-rich peridot is typically more yellow, while iron-rich peridot tends to be deeper green. The term “forsterite” is used to describe magnesium-rich olivine, and “fayalite” refers to iron-rich olivine. For gemological purposes, the general formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ is commonly used to describe peridot.

Peridot is formed in high-temperature environments, often in igneous rocks such as basalt and gabbro. It can also be found in meteorites, particularly pallasite meteorites, which are believed to be 4–5 billion years old—dating back to the early formation of the solar system. In fact, peridot was discovered in comet dust collected by the Stardust robotic space probe in 2005, underscoring its extraterrestrial origins.

On Earth, peridot is most commonly found in volcanic regions where it is carried to the surface by magma. It is also found in granular masses or embedded grains in igneous rocks. Some of the most notable sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Peridot Beach in Hawaii is a unique location where the sand shimmers with tiny green peridot crystals.

The Egyptian island of Zabargad remains one of the most historically significant sources of peridot. Despite its rich gem deposits, the island has a harsh and inhospitable environment, which has earned it ominous names such as “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (meaning “snake island”). The peridot from Zabargad is particularly prized for its vivid color and is still considered among the finest examples of the gemstone.

Gemological Properties

Peridot has several distinct gemological properties that make it unique among colored gemstones. Its color ranges from yellowish green to greenish yellow, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a deep, rich olive green. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot does not change color in different lighting conditions, making it highly consistent in appearance. This is a rare trait among colored gemstones and contributes to its appeal.

Peridot has a distinct cleavage, meaning it can break along preferred planes, and a conchoidal (shell-like) fracture. These characteristics mean that peridot must be cut carefully to avoid damage during the stone-setting process. Despite these challenges, peridot is relatively durable, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This makes it suitable for use in jewelry, although it is less durable than gemstones like ruby or sapphire.

One of the most fascinating properties of peridot is its high double refraction. When viewed through the gemstone, two images of each pavilion facet can be seen. This effect is a result of the way light travels through the crystal structure of peridot and is one of the key characteristics used to identify the gemstone.

Peridot also has a relatively high specific gravity, ranging from 3.27 to 3.37. This means that it is denser than water and can feel heavier than other gemstones of similar size. Its refractive index is also notable, as it contributes to its brilliance and luster when cut and polished.

Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

Peridot has long been associated with various symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective properties, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and the “terrors of the night.” This belief may have contributed to its use in medieval Europe as a talisman, particularly in times of fear or uncertainty.

In addition to its protective qualities, peridot is also associated with positivity, strength, and good fortune. It is believed to promote happiness and attract wealth, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their personal or professional lives. The gemstone is also thought to promote harmony in interpersonal relationships, making it a meaningful gift for loved ones.

Peridot’s connection to light and its vibrant green color have also led to its association with clarity of thought and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer maintain a sense of peace and calm, even in challenging situations. These properties have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gemstone with both aesthetic and symbolic value.

Peridot is also associated with certain milestones in life. It is the traditional gemstone for the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Its historical use in religious artifacts and its association with the sun also contribute to its spiritual significance in various cultures.

Care and Cleaning

Given its gemological properties, peridot requires special care to maintain its beauty and durability. While it is relatively durable for a colored gemstone, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, it is still susceptible to damage from hard knocks or exposure to harsh chemicals. It is also important to be mindful of peridot’s cleavage, as it can break along preferred planes if not handled carefully.

To clean peridot, warm soapy water is the safest option. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but they should be avoided if the gemstone has any fractures or inclusions that could be damaged by the vibrations. Peridot is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, but high heat can cause some colors to fade, particularly in certain varieties of the gemstone.

When storing peridot jewelry, it is best to keep it separate from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft pouch or a lined jewelry box is ideal for storing peridot pieces. When wearing peridot, it is advisable to avoid activities that could subject the gemstone to impact or abrasion, especially in rings and pendants.

Conclusion

Peridot is a gemstone with a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolic significance. As the birthstone for August, it represents the warmth, energy, and vitality of the month. Its formation in volcanic environments and even in meteorites adds to its mystique, while its vibrant green color and association with light and positivity make it a cherished gemstone for both historical and modern purposes.

From its use in ancient Egyptian sun rituals to its role in medieval European talismans, peridot has played a significant role in human culture for thousands of years. Its scientific properties, including its chemical composition, hardness, and refractive characteristics, make it a fascinating subject of study in gemology. Its symbolic associations with protection, happiness, and clarity further enhance its appeal as a meaningful and meaningful gemstone.

Whether worn as a piece of jewelry, a collectible gemstone, or a symbol of personal significance, peridot continues to captivate and inspire. Its journey from the depths of the Earth—or even from outer space—to the hands of gemstone lovers around the world is a testament to its enduring beauty and value.

Sources

  1. GIA - August Birthstones
  2. Blue Nile - August Birthstone
  3. Vardys - August Birthstone: Peridot
  4. University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Peridot

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