December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, as it is one of only two months with multiple birthstones. Traditionally and in modern times, December is associated with five gemstones: turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, blue topaz, and lapis lazuli. Each of these gems carries its own distinct properties, historical significance, and cultural lore. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the December birthstones, focusing on their geological formation, gemological characteristics, historical uses, and spiritual symbolism, all based on the information provided in the sources.
Introduction
December is marked by the arrival of winter and the end of the calendar year. Its birthstones are often associated with the cool, serene hues of blue and green, reflecting the icy landscapes and the quiet introspection of the season. These stones have been cherished for centuries, not only for their aesthetic beauty but also for their deep symbolic meanings. From ancient civilizations to modern times, December’s birthstones have played a role in jewelry, protection, and personal adornment.
This article will explore the historical journey of these stones, their geological and chemical properties, their cultural significance, and the best ways to care for them. Whether you were born in December or simply have an interest in gemology, this guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the December birthstones.
History and Lore
Evolution of the December Birthstone List
The history of December’s birthstones is a complex one, marked by changes over time. The earliest known references to birthstones in the Western tradition date back to the biblical Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones for the breastplate of the High Priest. In that list, the stone associated with December is believed to be ruby. However, the modern list of birthstones has evolved significantly from this ancient tradition.
The first modern list of December birthstones was introduced in 1870 by Tiffany & Co. in a pamphlet titled "Gregorian Birthstone Poems," which designated turquoise as the December birthstone. In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewellers of America) also recognized turquoise as the primary December birthstone, while listing lapis lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, zircon was added to the list, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially included as a modern December birthstone. Blue topaz was also added to the modern list, reflecting the growing popularity of this gemstone in the 20th century.
This evolution reflects changing trends in jewelry design and the discovery of new gemstones. For example, tanzanite was discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, and its vibrant blue to violet color quickly made it a popular choice for December-born individuals. Similarly, blue zircon has been known for centuries but gained renewed interest due to its brilliance and affordability.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
December’s birthstones have held various symbolic meanings across different cultures and time periods. In ancient times, turquoise was revered by the Egyptians, Persians, and Chinese for its protective and healing properties. The Egyptians used turquoise in amulets and jewelry to symbolize life and immortality, while the Chinese associated it with good fortune and protection. In the Americas, Native American tribes such as the Navajo and Zuni also held turquoise in high esteem, using it in jewelry and as a sacred material for ceremonial purposes.
Lapis lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, was especially prized in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Known as the "stone of the gods," lapis lazuli was used to create pigments for art and was often ground into powder for use in cosmetics. It was believed to enhance wisdom and spiritual awareness, making it a favored gem among scholars and rulers.
Blue zircon, on the other hand, has a more recent history in the birthstone tradition. Known for its fiery brilliance and rainbow-like dispersion, zircon has been used in jewelry since antiquity. However, it wasn't officially recognized as a December birthstone until the 1950s. Its inclusion reflects the growing appreciation for zircon's beauty and versatility in jewelry design.
Tanzanite, discovered in 1967, is one of the newest additions to the December birthstone list. Its striking blue to violet color and its exclusive origin in Tanzania make it a unique and highly sought-after gemstone. Tanzanite quickly became a favorite in modern jewelry, and its addition to the December birthstone list in 2002 marked a significant shift in the tradition.
Blue topaz, while not as ancient as some of the other December birthstones, has become increasingly popular in recent decades. Known for its calming blue color and excellent durability, blue topaz is a versatile gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, where copper-rich solutions react with aluminum and phosphorus in the surrounding rock. The blue-green color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the presence of iron or other impurities can result in green or yellow tones.
The most well-known sources of turquoise are in the United States, particularly in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. Other significant sources include Afghanistan, China, Egypt, and Iran. The quality of turquoise can vary depending on the location, with Persian turquoise (from Iran) and American turquoise (especially from the Cerrillos and Sleeping Beauty mines in the U.S.) being particularly prized for their rich blue color and fine matrix patterns.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). It is distinguished from other zoisite varieties by the presence of vanadium, which gives it its characteristic blue to violet color. Tanzanite is only found in one location in the world: the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This exclusivity makes tanzanite a rare and valuable gemstone.
Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks and is often found in association with other minerals such as gold and ruby. The gemstone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, as it is usually found in a brownish or purple color in its raw state. The heat treatment removes the brown color and intensifies the blue and violet tones, resulting in the vibrant color that makes tanzanite so desirable.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is found in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, green, and blue. Blue zircon, which is the most popular variety for December birthstones, is typically heated to enhance its color. The blue color is the result of a heat treatment that removes hydrogen from the crystal structure, causing a color change from brown to blue.
Blue zircon is found in several countries, including Cambodia, Thailand, Nigeria, and Brazil. It is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance. Zircon has been known since ancient times, but its popularity as a December birthstone is a more recent development.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is found in a wide range of colors, including yellow, orange, pink, and blue. Blue topaz is the most popular variety for December birthstones, and it is typically created through irradiation and heat treatment. The blue color is the result of a treatment that alters the crystal structure of the stone.
Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is known for its excellent hardness (8 on the Mohs scale), which makes it suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is also relatively affordable, making it a popular choice for jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, with smaller amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color, which is due to the presence of lazurite. The chemical formula for lazurite is (Na,Ca)₈(Al,Si)₆O₂₀(S,SO₄,Cr)₂·H₂O.
Lapis lazuli is found in several countries, including Afghanistan, Russia, China, and the United States. The most prized lapis lazuli comes from Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Lapis lazuli is often used in jewelry, as well as in decorative objects and art. It is typically opaque and is known for its fine grain and rich blue color.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
- Color: Blue to greenish-blue, with variations depending on the presence of copper and iron.
- Clarity: Typically opaque.
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.61 to 1.65.
- Cleavage: None.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Treatment: Often stabilized with resins or waxes to improve durability and color.
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, which means it requires careful handling and cleaning. It is also porous, which can make it susceptible to absorbing chemicals and oils. As a result, it is best to avoid exposing turquoise to harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
Tanzanite
- Color: Blue to violet, with a pleochroic effect that shows different colors from different angles.
- Clarity: Typically transparent to translucent.
- Hardness: 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1 to 3.4.
- Refractive Index: 1.69 to 1.70.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Treatment: Heat-treated to enhance color.
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone, but it can be prone to chipping along its cleavage plane. It should be handled with care, especially when set in jewelry. Tanzanite is also sensitive to high heat and should not be exposed to extreme temperatures.
Blue Zircon
- Color: Blue, with a high dispersion that gives it a "fire" similar to diamonds.
- Clarity: Typically transparent.
- Hardness: 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Specific Gravity: 4.6 to 4.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.92 to 2.00.
- Cleavage: None.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Treatment: Heat-treated to enhance color.
Blue zircon is a hard and durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry. It is known for its brilliance and fire, which make it a popular alternative to diamonds. Blue zircon is also relatively affordable, making it a great choice for those looking for a beautiful and budget-friendly gemstone.
Blue Topaz
- Color: Blue, with a range of tones from light blue to deep blue.
- Clarity: Typically clear or slightly included.
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Specific Gravity: 3.5 to 3.6.
- Refractive Index: 1.62 to 1.64.
- Cleavage: None.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent.
- Treatment: Irradiated and heat-treated to enhance color.
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone that is ideal for everyday wear. It is known for its excellent clarity and brilliance, making it a popular choice for rings, necklaces, and earrings. Blue topaz is also relatively affordable, making it a great option for those looking for a beautiful and durable gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli
- Color: Deep blue with white and gold flecks (pyrite).
- Clarity: Opaque.
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Specific Gravity: 2.4 to 2.9.
- Refractive Index: 1.6 to 1.7.
- Cleavage: None.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Treatment: Sometimes stabilized with resins or oils to improve durability.
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that requires careful handling and cleaning. It is often used in decorative objects and jewelry, where its deep blue color and unique patterns make it a standout choice.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has been associated with protection, good fortune, and healing for centuries. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off illness and evil spirits. The Chinese used turquoise in amulets and jewelry to promote good health and longevity. Native American tribes such as the Navajo and Zuni also held turquoise in high esteem, using it in jewelry and as a sacred material for ceremonial purposes.
In modern times, turquoise is believed to enhance intuition and promote emotional balance. It is also thought to protect against environmental pollutants and to help release inhibitions and prohibitions, allowing the soul to express itself more freely.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and to help individuals connect with their higher selves. Tanzanite is also thought to promote emotional healing and to help individuals release negative emotions and patterns.
Due to its exclusive origin in Tanzania, tanzanite is also seen as a symbol of rarity and uniqueness. It is often used in jewelry to celebrate important milestones and to symbolize the uniqueness of the wearer.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is believed to enhance wisdom, intuition, and spiritual awareness. It is also associated with love and compassion, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding jewelry. Blue zircon is thought to promote a sense of calm and to help individuals overcome fear and anxiety.
Due to its high refractive index and strong dispersion, blue zircon is also associated with clarity and brilliance, both in a physical and spiritual sense. It is often used in jewelry to symbolize the brilliance and fire of the wearer.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calm, serenity, and emotional balance. It is believed to help individuals channel their inner wisdom and to find the perfect pathways to success and fulfillment. Blue topaz is also thought to promote honesty and integrity, making it a popular choice for those seeking to live in alignment with their values.
In modern times, blue topaz is also associated with the calming power of water. It is often used in jewelry to promote a sense of peace and to help individuals feel grounded and centered.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and to stimulate a quest for knowledge. Lapis lazuli is also thought to promote a sense of calm and to help individuals connect with their higher consciousness.
In ancient times, lapis lazuli was used in jewelry and amulets to symbolize the connection between the earthly and the divine. It was also used in cosmetics and pigments, reflecting its deep blue color and its association with the night sky.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals and heat.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that requires gentle handling and cleaning. It is best to avoid exposing turquoise to harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions, as these can cause it to lose its color or become damaged. Turquoise should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone, but it is sensitive to heat and can be prone to chipping along its cleavage plane. It is best to avoid exposing tanzanite to high heat or direct sunlight for prolonged periods.
To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is a hard and durable gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear. It is not particularly sensitive to chemicals or heat, making it relatively easy to clean and maintain.
To clean blue zircon, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone that is ideal for everyday wear. It is not particularly sensitive to chemicals or heat, making it relatively easy to clean and maintain.
To clean blue topaz, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that requires gentle handling and cleaning. It is best to avoid exposing lapis lazuli to harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions, as these can cause it to lose its color or become damaged.
To clean lapis lazuli, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Conclusion
December is a month rich in symbolism and tradition, and its birthstones reflect the beauty and diversity of the season. From the deep blue allure of lapis lazuli to the vibrant hues of turquoise, each December birthstone carries its own unique properties, history, and cultural significance. Whether you were born in December or simply have an interest in gemology, these gemstones offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of birthstones and their enduring appeal.
As the December birthstone tradition continues to evolve, these gemstones remain a popular choice for jewelry, personal adornment, and spiritual practices. Their beauty, symbolism, and historical significance make them a valuable addition to any collection or piece of jewelry.