December, the final month of the year, is distinguished by its rich and varied selection of birthstones. Unlike other months that are typically associated with a single gemstone, December offers a unique array of stones—blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli—each with its own distinct history, gemological properties, and symbolic significance. This diversity allows individuals born in December to choose a birthstone that resonates with their personality, aesthetic preferences, or even cultural heritage.
This article delves into the world of December birthstones, exploring their origins, physical and metaphysical properties, and their roles in both historical and modern contexts. The information is drawn from a range of authoritative and historical sources, providing a comprehensive and well-rounded view of these remarkable gemstones.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months is centuries old, with roots in biblical and ancient cultural practices. The earliest known references to birthstones date back to the Breastplate of Aaron, mentioned in the Bible, which featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. However, the modern concept of birthstones evolved over time, with various lists and designations emerging in different historical periods.
For December, the list of recognized birthstones has undergone several changes, reflecting the dynamic nature of gemological and cultural trends. In the 1870s, turquoise was first designated as the December birthstone in a publication by Tiffany & Co. Later, in 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) added turquoise as the primary December birthstone and included lapis lazuli as an alternative. By 1952, zircon was added to the list, and in 2002, tanzanite joined the roster. Blue topaz was also recognized as a December birthstone in modern times.
This evolution demonstrates the adaptability of birthstone traditions and the influence of the jewelry industry, gemological discoveries, and cultural perceptions on these designations. The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December allows for a broader representation of color, symbolism, and availability, making it possible for individuals to choose a gemstone that best aligns with their preferences.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each December birthstone is formed through unique geological processes and can be found in various locations around the world. Understanding the formation and origin of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, durability, and aesthetic appeal.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone list, and it is one of the most durable options available. It is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most commercially available blue topaz is created through irradiation or heat treatment of colorless or brown topaz. The most well-known source of blue topaz is Brazil, particularly in the state of Minas Gerais, where topaz deposits are abundant.
Turquoise
Turquoise is an aluminum phosphate mineral with the chemical formula AlPO₄·(OH,SO₄)·4(H₂O). It is formed through the interaction of water and minerals in arid regions. The United States, particularly in states like Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, is one of the primary sources of turquoise. Other notable sources include Iran (historically known as Nishapur), Egypt, and China. Turquoise is known for its blue-green color, which is often flecked with veins of black or brown, adding to its unique appearance.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) that occurs in a variety of colors, including blue, green, yellow, and brown. Blue zircon is the most commonly recognized form as a December birthstone. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found to be over 4 billion years old. The primary sources of zircon include Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Australia. Zircon is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant sparkle, and its ability to display a range of colors depending on the type of treatment it undergoes.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, first discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite (CaAl₃(PO₄)(OH)₃·H₂O) and is known for its striking blue to violet color. Tanzanite is unique because it is only found in one location in the world—near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. The gemstone’s color is due to trace amounts of vanadium, and it is often heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite (NaCa₂(AlSiO₄)S) along with other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color and is often flecked with golden pyrite. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States. Lapis lazuli has been used in jewelry, art, and decorative objects since ancient times, and it continues to be valued for its rich color and historical significance.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
The physical properties of December birthstones—including hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index—play a significant role in their appeal and suitability for jewelry. Understanding these properties helps in selecting the right gemstone for different types of jewelry and in caring for it properly.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear. It has a refractive index of approximately 1.62–1.64 and is typically transparent to translucent. Its high hardness and clarity make it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and bracelets.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft and prone to scratches and damage. It is often stabilized with resins or waxes to improve its durability. Turquoise is typically opaque to translucent and has a refractive index of 1.61–1.65. Its color ranges from deep blue to green, depending on the mineral content and water content.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale and a high refractive index of 1.92–2.01, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. It is available in a variety of colors, with blue zircon being the most commonly recognized as a December birthstone. Zircon is often heat-treated to enhance its color, and it can be either transparent or translucent.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.694–1.701. It is typically found in a range of colors from deep blue to violet, and it is often heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity. Tanzanite is relatively soft and requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale and is composed of a mixture of minerals, which gives it a unique appearance. It is typically opaque to translucent and has a refractive index of 1.49–1.72. Its deep blue color, often flecked with gold, makes it a popular choice for decorative objects and jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic and metaphysical properties of December birthstones have been attributed to them across various cultures and historical periods. These beliefs often reflect the colors, textures, and perceived energies of the gemstones.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and communication. It is believed to enhance self-esteem and mental clarity, making it a popular choice for those who seek to improve their communication skills or focus. In some traditions, blue topaz is also considered a stone of protection and healing.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a protective stone, believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energies. It is also associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual connection. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is often used in rituals and ceremonies.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to bring joy, emotional balance, and spiritual insight. It is also associated with prosperity and wisdom. In some cultures, zircon is considered a stone of transformation and personal growth.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, spiritual awareness, and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals open their hearts and express their emotions in a calm and compassionate manner. Tanzanite is also considered a stone of intuition and spiritual connection.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is traditionally associated with wisdom, royalty, and spiritual enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. In some cultures, lapis lazuli is also considered a stone of truth and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. The specific care instructions vary depending on the gemstone's hardness, composition, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners. However, it should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be kept away from direct sunlight and heat, as it can cause the stone to dry out and lose its color. It is also advisable to store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is sensitive to high heat and should not be exposed to temperatures above 500°C. It is also advisable to store zircon separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. It should also be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should not be exposed to high temperatures or harsh cleaning agents. It is also advisable to store lapis lazuli separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a fascinating array of options for individuals born in the final month of the year. From the ancient and royal lapis lazuli to the modern and vibrant tanzanite, each gemstone carries its own unique history, symbolism, and physical properties. The evolution of December's birthstone list reflects the dynamic nature of gemology and cultural traditions, allowing for a diverse and meaningful selection.
Whether chosen for its beauty, durability, or symbolic meaning, a December birthstone is a meaningful way to celebrate the month's end and the promise of a new year. Understanding the properties, history, and care of these gemstones ensures that they can be enjoyed for generations to come.