For individuals born on December 11th, the birthstone tradition offers a rich tapestry of gemstone options. This article explores the primary and alternative birthstones associated with December 11th, including turquoise, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli. Each of these gemstones carries a unique geological profile, historical significance, and cultural symbolism that contributes to their enduring appeal. By examining their properties, origins, and roles in jewelry and spirituality, we gain a deeper understanding of the December 11th birthstone tradition.
History and Lore
The history of December 11th birthstones is intertwined with the broader narrative of December's gemstone lore, which includes both traditional and modern selections. Turquoise, one of the traditional December birthstones, has a history that stretches back thousands of years. The name "turquoise" derives from the French phrase pierre tourques, or "Turkish stone," a reference to the stone’s likely early introduction to Europe via trade routes from Turkey in the 13th century.
Turquoise has been revered in many cultures for its perceived protective and auspicious properties. In ancient Egypt, it was considered a sacred stone associated with the goddess Hathor, who was linked to turquoise, joy, and fertility. Egyptian artisans fashioned turquoise into amulets, beads, and ceremonial objects. The stone was also used in burial rites, signifying its importance in both life and the afterlife. Turquoise has been discovered in burial sites in western Iran dating back to 7000 BCE and in artifacts from ancient China over 3000 years old.
Among Native American tribes in the southwestern United States, turquoise held deep spiritual and cultural significance. It was used as a ceremonial gem and as a medium of exchange. The Apache believed that turquoise could be found by following a rainbow to its end and that attaching it to a bow or firearm improved one’s aim. The Pueblo people associated turquoise with the sky, while the Hopi believed it was formed by lizards moving across the earth. These diverse cultural associations highlight turquoise’s enduring appeal as both a material and symbolic object.
Tanzanite, a more modern addition to the December birthstone list, was first discovered in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania in 1967. Its vibrant blue and violet hues quickly captured the attention of the gemstone community. Tanzanite is unique in that it is the only major gemstone found in just one location in the world, making it a highly valued and exclusive gem. It was named after Tanzania, the country of its origin, and has since become a symbol of rarity and natural beauty.
Lapis lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, has also been treasured for millennia. Known for its deep blue color and flecks of golden pyrite, lapis lazuli has been used in ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was associated with wisdom, truth, and royalty. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was considered a stone of the gods and was used in the creation of amulets, jewelry, and even in the adornment of mummies. Its use in decorative art and jewelry continued through the centuries, and it remains a popular gemstone in contemporary jewelry design.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological formation and source locations of December 11th birthstones offer insight into their rarity and beauty. Each of these gemstones is formed through distinct geological processes and is found in specific regions of the world.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4H₂O. It forms in arid environments where copper-rich rocks are exposed to the weathering effects of rainwater and groundwater. The blue and green hues of turquoise are due to the presence of copper, while the greenish tones can be attributed to iron impurities. Turquoise is typically found in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, often in association with minerals such as calcite, quartz, and gypsum.
The most significant sources of turquoise include the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. Other important sources are in China, Iran, Egypt, and Russia. The quality of turquoise varies depending on the location, with some of the most prized turquoise coming from the United States and Iran.
Tanzanite is a form of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). It is known for its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite’s deep blue and violet hues are caused by the presence of vanadium. This gemstone is found only in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The geological conditions in this region are unique, with tanzanite forming in metamorphic rocks that are rich in vanadium and subjected to high temperatures and pressures.
Tanzanite was discovered in 1967 by a Masai herdsman who found a piece of rough material while searching for a lost goat. It was later identified as a new variety of zoisite by a German mineralogist, and its gem-quality characteristics were quickly recognized. The rarity of tanzanite, combined with its striking color, has made it a highly sought-after gemstone in the jewelry industry.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a feldspathoid mineral with the chemical formula (Na,Ca)₈(Al,Si)₆O₂₀(S,SO₄,Cl)₁₋₃. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite, calcite, and diopside. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is due to the presence of lazurite, while the golden flecks of pyrite give it a distinctive appearance. Lapis lazuli forms in regions where limestone has been subjected to high-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism.
The most famous source of lapis lazuli is the mines of Afghanistan, particularly in the Badakhshan region. These mines have been in operation for thousands of years and have supplied lapis lazuli to civilizations across the world. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States. The quality of lapis lazuli varies, with the most highly prized material being characterized by a uniform deep blue color and fine dispersion of golden pyrite.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Primary Source | Geological Formation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4H₂O | United States, Iran, China | Formed in arid environments from copper-rich rocks |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH) | Tanzania | Found in metamorphic rocks near Mount Kilimanjaro |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)₈(Al,Si)₆O₂₀(S,SO₄,Cl)₁₋₃ | Afghanistan | Metamorphic rock with lazurite and pyrite |
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of December 11th birthstones include their hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and optical characteristics. These properties influence how the gemstones are cut, polished, and used in jewelry.
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft and requires careful handling to avoid scratches and abrasions. It has a refractive index of approximately 1.61 to 1.65 and a specific gravity of around 2.0 to 2.7. Turquoise is typically opaque to translucent and is often stabilized with resin or other materials to enhance its durability and color. The stability process can affect the gemstone’s appearance and value, so it is important for jewelers and buyers to understand the treatment history of turquoise.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise. It has a refractive index of 1.694 to 1.700 and a specific gravity of 3.10 to 3.38. Tanzanite is pleochroic, displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is due to the anisotropic nature of the mineral and the presence of vanadium. Tanzanite is typically cut in a way that maximizes its color and brilliance, with popular cuts including emerald, oval, and cushion.
Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, similar to turquoise. It has a refractive index of approximately 1.50 to 1.70 and a specific gravity of around 2.4 to 2.9. Lapis lazuli is opaque and is often cut into cabochons or used in inlay work. The presence of pyrite and other minerals can affect its appearance and value, with high-quality lapis lazuli being characterized by a uniform deep blue color and fine dispersion of golden flecks.
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Refractive Index | Specific Gravity | Optical Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5-6 | 1.61-1.65 | 2.0-2.7 | Opaque to translucent |
| Tanzanite | 6-7 | 1.694-1.700 | 3.10-3.38 | Pleochroic (blue and violet) |
| Lapis Lazuli | 5-6 | 1.50-1.70 | 2.4-2.9 | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with December 11th birthstones reflect their historical and cultural significance. These gemstones are believed to possess unique energies and properties that can influence the wearer’s well-being and fortunes.
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, good luck, and spiritual connection. In ancient times, it was believed that turquoise could shield the wearer from harm and bring prosperity. Some cultures believed that turquoise would break into pieces before a disaster occurred, serving as a warning. In Native American traditions, turquoise was considered a sacred stone that connected the earth and sky. It was used in ceremonies, amulets, and jewelry to invoke the favor of the gods and to promote harmony and balance.
Tanzanite is believed to have a calming and healing effect on the wearer. It is associated with emotional stability, intuition, and spiritual growth. Tanzanite is often used in meditation and energy healing practices to enhance one’s connection to the higher self and the universe. It is also believed to help in the release of negative emotions and to promote a sense of peace and well-being. Tanzanite is particularly associated with the throat and third eye chakras, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their communication and intuitive abilities.
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. In ancient times, lapis lazuli was used by scholars and philosophers to improve their thinking and understanding. It is also believed to promote a sense of serenity and expansiveness, making it an ideal stone for those who seek inner peace and spiritual growth. Lapis lazuli is associated with the throat and third eye chakras, making it a popular choice for those who seek to enhance their communication and intuitive abilities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and value of December 11th birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, stability, and sensitivity to chemicals and heat.
Turquoise requires gentle handling due to its relatively low hardness and the potential presence of stabilizing agents. It should be avoided from exposure to harsh chemicals, acids, and solvents, which can damage the stone or remove its color. Turquoise should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches and abrasions. Avoid exposing turquoise to direct sunlight or high temperatures, as this can cause it to fade or become brittle.
Tanzanite is more durable than turquoise but still requires careful handling. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Tanzanite should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing tanzanite to direct sunlight or high temperatures, as this can cause it to fade or lose its luster.
Lapis lazuli requires gentle handling due to its relatively low hardness. It should be avoided from exposure to harsh chemicals and solvents, which can damage the stone or remove its color. Lapis lazuli should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches and abrasions. Avoid exposing lapis lazuli to direct sunlight or high temperatures, as this can cause it to fade or become brittle.
Conclusion
The December 11th birthstone tradition offers a fascinating array of gemstones, each with its own unique history, geological properties, and cultural significance. Turquoise, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli are all deeply rooted in human history and continue to be cherished in modern jewelry and spiritual practices. Their distinct colors, symbolic meanings, and gemological characteristics make them valuable not only as adornments but also as meaningful objects that connect us to the past and to each other. Whether chosen for their beauty, their metaphysical properties, or their historical significance, December 11th birthstones remain a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones.