December is the only month in the year with five officially recognized birthstones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these gemstones possesses unique physical and symbolic properties that have captivated cultures for centuries. These stones reflect the wintry essence of December with their cool colors and enduring beauty. This article explores the historical, geological, and cultural significance of December’s birthstones, as well as their practical considerations for care and value.
From ancient times to the modern era, these gemstones have been associated with wisdom, protection, and transformation. Their vibrant hues and diverse symbolism make them not only beautiful adornments but also meaningful gifts and heirlooms. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, the December birthstones offer a compelling journey into the world of colored gems and their enduring allure.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year has deep historical roots. While the modern list of birthstones has evolved over time, its origins can be traced back to biblical and ancient cultural practices. The earliest known references to birthstones appear in the Old Testament, where the High Priest of Israel wore a breastplate adorned with 12 stones, each representing a tribe of Israel. However, the connection of these stones to specific months came much later.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the practice of associating gemstones with specific months gained momentum. The earliest recorded birthstone list for December included ruby, a red gemstone symbolizing vitality and courage. This early designation was largely influenced by the symbolic use of ruby in religious and royal contexts.
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the list of December birthstones had changed. In 1870, turquoise was designated as the December birthstone by Tiffany & Co. in their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewelers of America) listed turquoise as the primary December birthstone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative.
The modern list continued to evolve. In 1952, zircon was added to the December birthstone list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. Nearly 50 years later, in 2002, tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone, adding to the month's already rich collection of gems.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December reflects both the diversity of available gemstones and the changing preferences in jewelry design and consumer demand. These stones were chosen not only for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings and historical significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological origin and is found in specific regions around the world. Understanding their formation processes and sources adds to their allure and value.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4.4 billion years. This durability is a testament to its strong chemical structure and resistance to weathering. Zircon is formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits after being eroded from its original rock matrix.
The most prized zircons for jewelry are the blue variety, which is created through a heat treatment process that transforms colorless or brown zircons into a vibrant blue. Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the United States.
Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is typically found in pegmatite deposits and volcanic rock. The blue topaz variety, which is the most popular for December birthstone jewelry, is usually created through irradiation and heat treatment of colorless topaz.
Natural blue topaz is rare, and the majority of blue topaz used in jewelry is treated to achieve its characteristic color. Topaz is found in Brazil, Mexico, Russia, and the United States, with Brazil being one of the largest sources.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone, discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is notable for its trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and brown—depending on the angle of light.
Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks and is unique to Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Its limited geographic source and the treatment required to enhance its color contribute to its high value and desirability.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color, often flecked with gold-like pyrite. Lapis lazuli forms under high pressure and temperature conditions and is typically found in mountainous regions.
The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States, but Afghanistan remains the primary and most historically significant.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate mineral that forms in arid regions where water percolates through rocks. It is typically found in the oxidation zones of copper deposits and is often associated with limestone and sandstone. Turquoise is known for its range of blue and green hues, which are influenced by the presence of copper (blue) and iron (green).
The most historically significant source of turquoise is the American Southwest, particularly in New Mexico and Arizona, where it has been mined for centuries. Other notable sources include Nepal, China, and Egypt. Turquoise from the American Southwest is highly prized for its vivid blue color and minimal matrix.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December’s birthstones is essential for both appreciation and proper care. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, all of which influence a gemstone’s appearance and durability.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratching. Its refractive index ranges from 1.92 to 2.01, giving it a high dispersion and a fire that is comparable to diamond. Zircon is known for its brilliant luster and is often used in jewelry for its affordability and beauty.
Topaz
Topaz is a hard gemstone, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than zircon. It has a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.64 and is known for its clarity and brilliance. Blue topaz, in particular, is highly popular due to its vibrant color and affordability.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, which makes it moderately durable but still requiring careful handling. It has a refractive index of 1.69 to 1.70 and is known for its trichroism and vivid blue to violet colors. Tanzanite is often cut in a cushion or oval shape to maximize its color and brilliance.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is a rock composed of several minerals, including lazurite, calcite, and pyrite. Its refractive index is relatively low, and it is valued more for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite than for its refractive properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is often treated with stabilizing agents to improve its durability and color retention. Its refractive index is relatively low, and it is prized for its blue to green colors and chatoyancy (a silky luster).
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties across different cultures and historical periods.
Zircon
Zircon has long been associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and promote a sense of balance and harmony. In ancient times, zircon was considered a stone of truth and was used in rituals to enhance psychic abilities and intuition.
Topaz
Topaz is traditionally associated with strength, courage, and protection. It is believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energies. Blue topaz, in particular, is associated with calmness and serenity, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional stability and inner peace.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its spiritual properties, including enhancing intuition, emotional healing, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help release negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and balance. Tanzanite is also associated with communication and is often used in meditation practices to enhance one’s ability to express thoughts and feelings.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment for centuries. It was used by ancient Egyptians, who believed it could connect them to the divine. It is also believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Lapis lazuli is often used in meditation to promote inner peace and spiritual growth.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the most widely recognized and revered gemstones in the world. It has been used for thousands of years as a protective talisman and symbol of good fortune. It is believed to bring calmness, stability, and positive energy. Turquoise is also associated with creativity and is often used in artistic endeavors to inspire innovation and expression.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its physical properties and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable but should be handled with care to avoid scratches. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage. Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Topaz
Topaz is a hard gemstone and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is resistant to most chemicals and can be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners. However, avoid exposing it to high heat, as this can cause discoloration or damage.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a moderately durable gemstone and should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Tanzanite should be stored in a soft cloth to prevent scratches and should be kept away from high heat sources.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft gemstone and should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth, but avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Lapis lazuli should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft gemstone and is sensitive to heat, light, and chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage. Turquoise should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent drying out and cracking.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse collection of gemstones, each with its own unique properties, history, and symbolism. From the ancient associations with wisdom and protection to the modern appreciation for their beauty and rarity, these stones continue to captivate and inspire. Whether used in jewelry, as talismans, or as collectibles, December’s birthstones provide a meaningful and enduring connection to the past.
Understanding the geological, historical, and metaphysical aspects of these gemstones enhances their value and significance. Their availability in various colors and forms makes them accessible to a wide range of tastes and preferences. For those born in December or those seeking a meaningful gift, these gemstones offer a beautiful and meaningful choice.
When selecting and caring for these gemstones, it is important to consider their physical properties and specific care requirements. With proper handling and maintenance, these stones can be enjoyed for generations, preserving their beauty and meaning.