Peridot, a vibrant olive-green gemstone, holds a unique place in the world of colored stones. Designated as the primary birthstone for August since 1912, it boasts a history steeped in ancient lore and a geological origin as fascinating as its hue. This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient civilizations. Initially, it was often confused with other green gemstones, notably emerald and golden topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, believed to be the source of many “topaz” stones in antiquity, actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. Some historians even suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot.
Throughout history, peridot has been valued for its protective qualities. It was believed to ward off evil spirits and “terrors of the night,” particularly when set in gold. Ancient practices involved stringing the gems on donkey hair and tying them around the left arm for protection. The stone’s association with sunlight stems from its radiant, reflective properties, mirroring the sun’s bright rays.
More recently, the American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized peridot as the August birthstone in 1912, solidifying its place in modern birthstone traditions. It also serves as the gemstone for the 16th wedding anniversary and is associated with the zodiac signs of Leo and Virgo.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a common constituent of Earth’s mantle. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth, and remarkably, even in meteorites originating from outer space. While olivine is abundant, gem-quality peridot is relatively rare due to the mineral’s tendency to weather and decompose quickly.
Significant sources of peridot include the United States (Arizona), China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, and Kenya. The gem is often found in volcanic settings, embedded in basic igneous rocks like basalt and gabbro, or as granular masses. Its presence in meteorites further underscores its extraterrestrial origins. The ratio of magnesium and iron within the olivine crystal structure influences the specific shade of green, with varying proportions leading to different intensities and tints.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, representing a magnesium iron silicate. The ratio of magnesium to iron dictates the specific color and properties of the stone. Forsterite denotes magnesium-rich, iron-poor crystals, while fayalite represents the opposite composition. For gemological purposes, the general formula is sufficient.
The gemstone typically exhibits a transparent to translucent quality, allowing light to pass through and create a lively brilliance. Peridot possesses a distinct cleavage, meaning it breaks along preferred planes, and a conchoidal fracture, characterized by shell-like patterns. On the Mohs hardness scale, peridot ranges from 6.5 to 7, indicating moderate durability. Its specific gravity, a measure of density, falls between 3.27 and 3.37.
Peridot’s color is notably consistent, occurring in shades of olive green to brownish-green, though vibrant lime-green hues are also common. Unlike many gemstones, peridot is found in a relatively narrow spectrum of colors, with the intensity determined by the iron content within the crystal structure. A particular shade, known as “chartreuse,” named after the French liqueur, is considered highly desirable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is considered a stone of prosperity, bringing good luck and happiness to the wearer. Beyond its association with good fortune, peridot is believed to possess cleansing properties, releasing and neutralizing toxins on physical and mental levels.
Psychologically, the gemstone is thought to alleviate negative emotions such as jealousy, resentment, spite, and anger, while simultaneously enhancing confidence and assertion without aggression. It is also believed to promote psychological clarity and well-being, regulating the cycles of life and aiding in the attainment of spiritual truth.
Mentally, peridot is said to sharpen the mind, opening it to new levels of awareness and banishing lethargy. It encourages self-responsibility and can improve difficult relationships. As a visionary crystal, it is particularly helpful for healers, assisting in understanding one’s destiny and spiritual purpose.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness (6.5-7 on the Mohs scale), peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. While relatively durable, it is susceptible to scratches from harder materials. It is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Cleaning peridot can be achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the stone to remove dirt and grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster. It is also recommended to store peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating olive-green birthstone of August, is a gemstone rich in history, geological intrigue, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins and association with protective powers to its modern recognition as a birthstone and anniversary gem, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its unique formation, consistent color, and believed metaphysical properties make it a treasured gemstone for enthusiasts, collectors, and those seeking a touch of ancient wisdom and natural beauty.