For centuries, the designation of a single birthstone for each month was not a fixed rule. September, in particular, boasts a rich and varied history of gemstones associated with its arrival, transitioning from the vibrant green of peridot to the regal blue of sapphire, and encompassing a range of other crystals across different cultures and traditions. This article explores the historical and gemological significance of these September birthstones, tracing their evolution and enduring appeal.
A History of Multiple Associations
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back to the breastplate of Aaron, which contained twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. However, the modern concept of birthstones developed more gradually. Traditionally, peridot held a prominent position as the September birthstone, recognized in Jewish, Spanish, Arab, Russian, and Italian traditions. Roman and Polish cultures also linked September with sardonyx, though less frequently. Even canonical English translations of the Bible initially placed peridot as the stone corresponding to this month.
This long-standing association with peridot continued until 1912, when the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America) formalized a standardized list of birthstones, assigning sapphire to September. This decision, while not entirely without biblical precedent in later translations, represented a significant shift in the accepted birthstone for the month. Today, both peridot and sapphire are recognized as September birthstones, with a host of others – agate, lapis lazuli, moonstone, and zircon – holding historical or cultural significance.
Peridot: The Stone of Sunlight
Often called the “evening emerald,” peridot is a transparent gemstone celebrated for its vibrant emerald-green hue. Its brilliance is particularly striking in dim light, earning it a mystical glow, and in sunlight, it sparkles with exceptional radiance, leading to its nickname, “sun stone.” Known also as chrysolite, peridot was believed by ancient cultures to absorb solar energy, benefiting the wearer by boosting physical health and vitality, providing strength for new beginnings, and offering protection when used as home décor.
Historically, peridot was highly valued. Ancient Egyptians used peridot in jewelry and religious artifacts, and it is believed that Cleopatra adorned herself with peridot jewelry. The gem was also prized by Romans and was often brought back from the Red Sea island of Zebirget (now St. John’s Island), a major source for centuries.
Sapphire: Symbol of Sincerity and Royalty
While peridot enjoyed a long reign as the September birthstone, sapphire has come to be the most widely recognized modern association. The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word sappheiros, and while most associate the gem with blue, sapphires actually come in a rainbow of colors, all belonging to the corundum mineral family (ruby being the red variety).
For millennia, sapphire has been linked with royalty, romance, and the virtues of fidelity and the soul. Ancient Greece and Rome believed blue sapphires protected their owners from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, clergy wore sapphires, believing the gem symbolized Heaven. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested on a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the sapphire birthstone was also reputed to possess healing powers, with medieval Europeans believing it could cure plague boils and diseases of the eye, and even act as an antidote to poison.
Other Historical September Birthstones
Beyond peridot and sapphire, several other gemstones have been associated with September throughout history. Lapis lazuli, a deep blue gem, was considered an alternative birthstone and was treasured by ancient royalty, adorning the sarcophagus of King Tut and embellishing palaces of the Russian elite. Sardonyx, a banded form of chalcedony, held significance in Roman and Italian traditions, believed to radiate positive energy and enhance learning.
Ancient Tibetan cultures linked September with agate, a stabilizing gem found in numerous varieties, each offering unique benefits. The ancient Hindu calendar recognized blue zircon as the September birthstone, described in early texts as a leaf from a wish-fulfilling tree. These diverse associations highlight the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the cultural significance attributed to different gemstones across time and geography.
Gemological Properties: A Comparison
While each September birthstone possesses unique characteristics, understanding their gemological properties provides a deeper appreciation for their beauty and value.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Mg2SiO4 | 6.5 - 7 | Olive Green to Yellow-Green | Transparent to Translucent |
| Sapphire | Al2O3 | 9 | Blue (most common), but also Pink, Yellow, Green, White, Purple | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)9Al6(SiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 | 5 - 6 | Deep Blue | Opaque |
| Sardonyx | SiO2 | 6.5 - 7 | Banded Red, Brown, and White | Translucent to Opaque |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5 - 7.5 | Blue, Brown, Red, Yellow, Green | Transparent to Opaque |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Sapphire, with a hardness of 9, is exceptionally durable, making it suitable for everyday wear. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7, is relatively durable but requires more careful handling. Lapis lazuli and sardonyx are softer and more prone to scratching.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each September birthstone carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Sapphire is often associated with wisdom, royalty, and faithfulness. Peridot is believed to promote positive energy, open the heart chakra, and even help find lost items. Lapis lazuli is thought to enhance mental clarity and serenity, while sardonyx is considered a protective stone that boosts optimism and confidence. Zircon is linked to peace and inner joy. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones and their perceived ability to influence well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of September birthstones. Sapphire, due to its hardness, is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Peridot, being less durable, requires more gentle cleaning. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Lapis lazuli and sardonyx should also be cleaned with mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive materials. Zircon should be handled with care, as it can be brittle. Regular cleaning and careful handling will ensure these gemstones continue to sparkle for generations.
Conclusion
The story of September’s birthstones is a testament to the evolving nature of tradition and the enduring allure of gemstones. From the ancient reverence for peridot to the modern prominence of sapphire, and the historical significance of lapis lazuli, sardonyx, and zircon, September offers a diverse and captivating selection of stones. Each gemstone carries its own unique history, symbolism, and gemological properties, making September a particularly rich and meaningful month for gemstone enthusiasts. The shifting associations of September’s birthstones reflect a fascinating interplay of cultural beliefs, historical events, and the timeless beauty of the earth’s treasures.