July, a month synonymous with summer's peak, is represented by two of the most striking and historically significant gemstones: Ruby and Onyx. These stones have captivated human imagination for centuries, not only for their beauty but also for their deep-rooted symbolism and gemological significance. From the vibrant red of the ruby, a symbol of passion and vitality, to the enigmatic black of onyx, a stone of strength and protection, these July birthstones carry with them a rich tapestry of history, tradition, and folklore.
This article delves into the multifaceted nature of the July birthstones, exploring their origins, gemological properties, cultural significance, and care instructions. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind these gems, this comprehensive guide will provide an in-depth look at two of the most cherished stones in the world of birthstones.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months is an ancient practice, with roots tracing back to biblical times and the early Christian era. The concept of birthstones is often linked to the High Priest’s Breastplate, as described in the Bible, which featured twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. However, the modern and traditional lists of birthstones have evolved over time, incorporating both historical and contemporary interpretations.
For July, Ruby holds a dominant position in both the modern and traditional birthstone lists. The ruby has long been revered as the "king of gems", and its association with July dates back to its symbolic connection with love, passion, and vitality. In ancient Rome and Greece, rubies were believed to bring protection in battle and were often engraved with images of Mars, the god of war, or Hercules, the hero of strength and endurance. These early beliefs highlight the ruby’s deep cultural and spiritual significance.
On the other hand, Onyx has a more varied and mysterious history. While it is less commonly known as a July birthstone compared to ruby, it has been cherished across different cultures for its protective and grounding properties. In ancient times, onyx was believed to ward off scorpion stings and negative energies. This protective symbolism has carried through the ages, with onyx being used in amulets and talismans to offer strength and stability to the wearer.
The inclusion of both ruby and onyx as July birthstones reflects the diversity of meanings and uses attributed to gemstones over time. While ruby represents the fiery energy of life and love, onyx embodies the quiet strength and resilience needed to navigate life’s challenges.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation and sources of the July birthstones provides insight into their rarity, value, and the natural processes that create such remarkable gems.
Ruby
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from other corundum varieties, such as sapphire, is the presence of chromium (Cr) or iron (Fe) impurities, which give the stone its characteristic red color. The most prized rubies display a deep, vivid red known as "pigeon blood", a term often reserved for rubies from Burma (Myanmar).
Rubies are formed under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust, often in metamorphic rocks such as marble. These conditions cause the aluminum oxide to crystallize into corundum, with trace elements like chromium determining the final color. The most famous ruby deposits are found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, India, and Afghanistan.
The rarity of high-quality rubies, especially those with the "pigeon blood" color, makes them some of the most valuable gemstones in the world. Due to their hardness (9 on the Mohs scale) and durability, rubies are ideal for use in jewelry, although care must be taken to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and high temperatures.
Onyx
Onyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and forms in volcanic rocks where mineral-rich water seeps into cavities and deposits layers of silica over time. This process results in the distinct banding that onyx is known for, often in alternating colors of black and white or red and white.
Onyx is typically translucent to opaque, with a smooth, waxy luster. It is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it durable enough for everyday wear in jewelry. The most notable sources of onyx include Brazil, India, Nepal, Ethiopia, and Madagascar.
Unlike ruby, onyx is more commonly available and less expensive. Its affordability and versatility have made it a popular choice for engraved seals, intaglios, and ornamental objects throughout history. Onyx's deep, rich colors and smooth texture make it a favorite among jewelers and collectors alike.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of ruby and onyx are essential to understanding their value, beauty, and use in jewelry. These properties include color, clarity, hardness, and chemical composition, all of which influence the stone's durability, appearance, and market value.
Ruby
Color: The most valuable rubies display a deep red to purplish-red color. The term "pigeon blood" refers to a vivid red hue with a slight blue secondary tone, often found in Burmese rubies. This color is caused by the presence of chromium, which gives ruby its intense red coloration.
Clarity: Rubies can range from transparent to included, with inclusions often visible to the naked eye. These inclusions, known as "silk," can consist of tiny needle-like rutile crystals that create a star effect in some stones. A ruby with high clarity and minimal inclusions is extremely rare and valuable.
Hardness: Rubies score a 9 on the Mohs scale, making them one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamonds. This hardness makes them ideal for use in rings and other jewelry that is frequently worn.
Chemical Composition: Ruby is a form of corundum, with a chemical composition of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The red color is due to trace amounts of chromium or iron, depending on the origin of the stone.
Refractive Index: The refractive index of ruby ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, which contributes to its brilliance and fire when cut and polished.
Onyx
Color: Onyx is best known for its black and white banded patterns, although it can also occur in red, brown, and other colors. The black onyx is highly prized for its deep, velvety appearance, while the banded varieties are popular for their contrasting colors.
Clarity: Onyx is generally opaque or translucent, with little to no visible inclusions. Its smooth, even texture makes it easy to carve and polish, allowing for intricate designs and engravings.
Hardness: Onyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it durable enough for everyday wear, though it is more susceptible to scratches and damage than ruby. It is, however, more resistant to heat and chemicals than many other gemstones.
Chemical Composition: Onyx is a form of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz with the chemical formula silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It forms in layers, with different mineral impurities causing the banding effect.
Refractive Index: The refractive index of onyx ranges from 1.48 to 1.53, contributing to its smooth, waxy luster.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Gemstones have long been associated with metaphysical properties, with many cultures believing that they hold energetic, spiritual, or protective qualities. The July birthstones—ruby and onyx—are no exceptions, each carrying its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs.
Ruby
Ruby is often referred to as the "stone of love and passion", symbolizing desire, vitality, and emotional intensity. In many cultures, rubies have been seen as symbols of life and power, with their deep red color representing the lifeblood that sustains all living things. Ancient Romans believed that rubies granted the wearer protection in battle, while medieval Europeans associated them with divine power and the blood of Christ.
In modern metaphysical practices, ruby is believed to enhance confidence, courage, and motivation. It is also thought to stimulate the heart chakra, promoting love, compassion, and emotional healing. Some practitioners use ruby as a stone of vitality, helping to boost energy levels and overcome fatigue.
Ruby is also considered a stone of protection, especially in times of conflict or stress. It is believed to shield the wearer from negative energies and promote inner strength and resilience. These beliefs have contributed to ruby's enduring popularity as a gemstone of both beauty and power.
Onyx
Onyx, in contrast to ruby's fiery energy, is associated with grounding, protection, and emotional balance. It is often called the "stone of strength" and is believed to help the wearer remain calm and centered in times of stress or anxiety. This makes onyx a popular choice for those who seek stability and emotional control.
In ancient times, onyx was used as a protective amulet, believed to ward off illness, negative influences, and even scorpion stings. The Romans and Greeks used onyx to absorb negative emotions, particularly those related to anger and fear. They also used it in engraved seals and intaglios, believing that it enhanced willpower and determination.
In modern metaphysical practices, onyx is thought to help overcome addictions, reduce stress, and promote emotional healing. It is particularly useful for people who struggle with anxiety or emotional instability, as it is believed to absorb and neutralize negative emotions. Onyx is also associated with discipline and self-control, making it a powerful stone for those seeking to achieve their goals.
Both ruby and onyx offer complementary energies, with ruby representing passion, vitality, and protection, and onyx representing strength, grounding, and emotional balance. Together, they form a powerful duo that reflects the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the month of July.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of gemstones. Both ruby and onyx require specific care instructions due to their unique physical properties, such as hardness, durability, and sensitivity to external factors.
Ruby
Hardness and Durability: Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, scoring a 9 on the Mohs scale, making it highly durable and resistant to scratches. However, it is important to note that inclusions (internal flaws) can affect the stone's structural integrity, so care should be taken to avoid shock or impact.
Cleaning: Ruby can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. A mild dish soap is suitable for this purpose. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone or loosen any settings or inclusions.
Avoid Exposure to Heat and Chemicals: Ruby is relatively stable, but it should be avoided exposure to high heat (such as direct sunlight or a hot oven), which can cause color fading in some stones. Additionally, harsh chemicals, such as ammonia or bleach, should be avoided, as they can damage the surface or alter the color of the stone.
Storage: When not in use, ruby should be stored in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratching from other gemstones. It is also a good idea to remove ruby jewelry before engaging in physical activities that may cause impact or abrasion.
Onyx
Hardness and Durability: Onyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it less durable than ruby but still suitable for everyday wear. It is susceptible to scratches and surface damage, so it should be handled with care.
Cleaning: Onyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. A mild dish soap is suitable for this purpose. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the surface or alter the appearance of the stone.
Avoid Exposure to Heat and Chemicals: Onyx is more sensitive to heat and chemicals than ruby. It should be avoided exposure to high heat, which can cause color fading or surface damage. Additionally, harsh chemicals, such as ammonia or bleach, should be avoided, as they can damage the surface or alter the color of the stone.
Storage: When not in use, onyx should be stored in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratching from other gemstones. It is also a good idea to remove onyx jewelry before engaging in physical activities that may cause impact or abrasion.
Both ruby and onyx are beautiful and durable gemstones, but they require gentle care and attention to maintain their luster and beauty over time. By following these care and cleaning instructions, you can ensure that your July birthstone jewelry remains sparkling and vibrant for years to come.
Conclusion
The July birthstones—Ruby and Onyx—are two of the most fascinating and historically significant gemstones in the world. From the vibrant red of the ruby, which symbolizes passion, vitality, and protection, to the deep black of onyx, which represents strength, grounding, and emotional balance, these stones offer a rich and diverse range of meanings and properties.
Ruby, with its deep red color and high hardness, is one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones. Its association with love, power, and divine protection has made it a favorite among jewelers and collectors alike. On the other hand, onyx, with its smooth, banded texture and grounding energy, is a versatile and affordable gemstone that has been used in amulets, seals, and ornamental objects for centuries.
Together, ruby and onyx form a powerful combination that reflects the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the month of July. Whether you are drawn to the fiery energy of ruby or the quiet strength of onyx, these July birthstones offer a unique and meaningful connection to the natural world and the rich history of gemstones.
For those who were born in July, these stones serve as a beautiful reminder of their birth month and the symbolic meanings that have been passed down through generations. Whether worn as jewelry, carried as amulets, or displayed in collections, ruby and onyx continue to capture the imagination and inspire admiration for their beauty, history, and significance.