For those born in November, the question of a definitive birthstone is surprisingly complex. While topaz and citrine are widely recognized as the modern November birthstones, a deeper exploration reveals a history marked by evolving traditions and a compelling case for amethyst as the original gem associated with this autumnal month. This article delves into the fascinating story of November’s birthstones, tracing their historical usage, exploring their gemological properties, and examining the cultural significance that has cemented their place in jewelry and lore.
A History of Changing Attributions
The story of November’s birthstone begins with a surprisingly fluid list of associations. Early birthstone lists, dating back to the 2nd century BC and based on translations of the Old Testament, did not align with the modern arrangement. The months weren’t even ordered as we know them today, as January only became the first month of the year in the 17th century. Between the 6th and 10th centuries AD, numerous revisions were made to these lists by historians, writers, and even members of royal families.
For a significant period, amethyst held a strong claim to the title of November birthstone. This association persisted for centuries, with some arguing it remains the “original” November gem. However, in 1952, jewelers introduced citrine as an alternative, potentially to broaden the market and offer more affordable options. Today, both topaz and citrine are officially recognized as November birthstones, offering a choice to those born in this month. The Jewelers of America are believed to have expanded the options available to consumers, leading to the dual designation.
The Allure of Topaz
Topaz, with its captivating array of colors, has been cherished for at least 1500 years as a November charm. The name itself is believed to originate from the ancient Greek island of Topazons, now known as St. John’s Island, or from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire.” Pure topaz is actually colorless, acquiring its hues from impurities within its crystalline structure.
The most highly prized color is imperial topaz, characterized by a vibrant orange hue with pink undertones. Blue topaz, however, is rarely found naturally and is most often created through irradiation and heating processes. Other colors include yellow, orange, pink, violet, and brown, with red topaz being exceptionally rare. The versatility of topaz’s color palette contributes to its enduring appeal.
Throughout history, topaz has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians and Romans associated it with the sun god, believing it offered protection and healing properties. Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s believed topaz could ward off magic spells and quell anger. In Hindu tradition, wearing topaz above the heart was thought to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence. African shamans utilized the stone in healing rituals and to facilitate communication with spirits.
Citrine: A Relatively Recent Addition
Citrine, known for its cheerful yellow and orange tones, is a more recent addition to the November birthstone family. Its introduction in 1952 coincided with the development of techniques to heat-treat amethyst, effectively creating citrine. This process made the gem more readily available and affordable.
Like topaz, citrine is associated with warmth and energy, reflecting the autumnal season. Its vibrant color is often seen as a symbol of prosperity and joy. While not as steeped in ancient lore as topaz, citrine is still believed to possess calming energies and bring fortune to the wearer.
Gemological Properties: A Comparison
Both topaz and citrine boast distinct gemological properties. Topaz typically exhibits a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Its chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂. Citrine, a variety of quartz, has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and a chemical formula of SiO₂.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Color | Varied (Blue, Yellow, Orange, Pink, etc.) | Yellow to Orange |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both topaz and citrine are believed to possess metaphysical properties. Topaz is associated with strength, wisdom, and long life. It is thought to promote clarity of thought and emotional balance. Citrine, on the other hand, is often linked to abundance, prosperity, and self-confidence. It is believed to stimulate creativity and encourage optimism.
November, as a month often associated with reflection and transition, finds resonance in the energies of both stones. The warm hues of topaz and citrine serve as a reminder to stay connected to the light even as the days grow shorter and the world prepares for winter.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively high hardness, topaz is generally durable and can withstand regular wear. However, it is susceptible to scratching from harder materials. Cleaning topaz jewelry is straightforward: warm, soapy water and a soft brush are usually sufficient. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they can potentially damage the stone.
Citrine, being slightly softer, requires a bit more care. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or sudden temperature changes. Like topaz, it can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
The Enduring Appeal of November’s Birthstones
The story of November’s birthstones is a testament to the evolving nature of tradition and the enduring human fascination with gemstones. While topaz and citrine currently hold the official designation, the historical significance of amethyst should not be overlooked. Each stone offers a unique beauty and a rich tapestry of symbolism, making November birthdays truly special. Whether one chooses the fiery brilliance of topaz, the sunny warmth of citrine, or acknowledges the historical claim of amethyst, November’s birthstones offer a connection to both the natural world and the enduring power of human belief.
Conclusion
The designation of November’s birthstone is a fascinating example of how cultural traditions and market forces can shape our understanding of gemstones. While topaz and citrine are the modern choices, the historical prominence of amethyst adds a layer of complexity to the story. Each stone possesses unique gemological properties, symbolic meanings, and a captivating history, making November a month celebrated with a diverse and beautiful array of gems.