The world of gemstones is rich with history, lore, and scientific fascination. Among these captivating stones, birthstones hold a special place, each linked to a specific month and believed to bestow unique qualities upon those born within it. This article delves into the origins, properties, and significance of two birthstones: Turquoise, associated with December, and Citrine, representing November. While the provided sources offer a focused look at these gems, a comprehensive exploration of all twelve birthstones requires a broader range of information than currently available. However, we will present a detailed account based solely on the provided materials.
History and Lore of Turquoise
Turquoise, the December birthstone, boasts a history stretching back millennia. Its name originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting a historical trade route through Turkey, despite the fact that the finest specimens are not actually mined there. Alternatively, some believe the name derives from the Persian word “fiouze,” meaning turquoise itself. Archaeological evidence suggests mining of this captivating gem as early as 6000 B.C. in ancient Egypt.
Historically, the most prized turquoise wasn’t sourced from the American Southwest, as is often assumed today, but from Iran. Significant deposits are also found in New Mexico and Arizona in the United States, as well as Afghanistan, Australia, and other areas throughout the Middle East. Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with protection and good fortune.
History and Lore of Citrine
Citrine, the November birthstone, shares a fascinating, though sometimes confused, history. Often mistaken for Topaz due to similar coloring, Citrine derives its name from the French word “citron,” meaning “lemon fruit,” a clear reference to its characteristic yellow hues. This gem is a variety of quartz, its color stemming from the presence of iron traces within the stone.
Citrine’s historical use is notable, particularly in Scottish jewelry during the Victorian Era. It was also, historically, misconstrued as Topaz. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Citrine has been attributed with calming properties, believed to pacify fiery tempers and soothe the senses. Modern interpretations often associate Citrine with wealth, prosperity, and wisdom.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources for these gemstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise is found in Iran, the United States (New Mexico and Arizona), Afghanistan, Australia, and other parts of the Middle East. The finest quality turquoise is historically sourced from Iran. Citrine, a variety of quartz, is mined in Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, and Uruguay. Historically, it was also mined in South Korea, Austria, and Russia, with the Russian specimens being particularly prized for their deep purple coloration, though this refers to amethyst, a related quartz. Brazil is currently a major producer of Citrine, though the material is often lighter in color compared to that from Africa, Austria, and Uruguay. Australia is the world’s leading producer of Opal, another November birthstone.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited detail regarding the specific gemological properties of Turquoise and Citrine beyond color. Turquoise exhibits hues ranging from green-blue to light sky blue. Citrine displays a spectrum of sunshine yellow to pale orangish-brown.
Regarding clarity, the sources indicate that birthstones are valued based on the absence of impurities. Inclusions (internal flaws) and blemishes (outer flaws) can diminish a gemstone’s beauty and value. Diamonds and Tanzanite are noted for their high clarity, while Emerald and Blue Zircon typically exhibit more imperfections. The sources also mention that some gemstones are treated to enhance their color, potentially reducing their long-term luster.
Rarity is a key factor in determining a gemstone’s cost. Precious gemstones like Diamond, Ruby, Emerald, and Sapphire are highly valued due to their scarcity. Common gemstones like Topaz, Tourmaline, Amethyst, and Citrine are generally more affordable due to their greater availability.
The sources briefly touch upon cut and carat weight as factors influencing value, but do not provide specific details.
A table summarizing the limited gemological information available is presented below:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Clarity | Rarity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Green-blue to light sky blue | Valued for fewer impurities | Not specified in sources |
| Citrine | Sunshine yellow to pale orangish-brown | Valued for fewer impurities | Generally common |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise is associated with fertility and rebirth. In Eastern cultures, it is believed to ward off negative feelings like self-doubt, guilt, and depression, fostering self-confidence and emotional strength.
Citrine is believed to have calming properties, pacifying fiery tempers and soothing the senses. Modern interpretations link it to wealth, prosperity, and wisdom. Amethyst, often associated with February, was historically believed to protect against drunkenness in ancient Greece.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for Turquoise or Citrine. However, given that clarity is valued, gentle cleaning with mild soap and water would likely be appropriate for both. The sources do note that treated gemstones may lose their luster over time, suggesting careful handling is advisable.
Conclusion
Turquoise and Citrine, the birthstones for December and November respectively, represent a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and geological wonder. Turquoise, with its ancient origins and association with protection, and Citrine, with its calming properties and link to prosperity, continue to captivate and inspire. While the provided sources offer a glimpse into the world of these gemstones, further research is needed to fully appreciate their complexities and significance. The limited scope of the provided materials prevents a truly comprehensive exploration of these fascinating gems.