December, the final month of the year, is symbolically rich in symbolism and adorned with a unique variety of birthstones that reflect its wintery essence. Unlike other months, December is distinguished by a collection of five gemstones—Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise—each with its own history, beauty, and cultural significance. These stones are celebrated not only for their striking blue hues, but also for their deep-rooted connections to ancient traditions, spiritual beliefs, and modern aesthetics. The diversity of December birthstones offers a range of options for jewelry lovers, ensuring that every December-born individual can find a gemstone that resonates with their personality and preferences.
This article delves into the multifaceted world of December birthstones, exploring their geological origins, symbolic meanings, and practical care instructions. Drawing from a wealth of historical and cultural references, we examine how these gemstones have evolved in their significance and how they continue to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry collectors today.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific birth months can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In medieval Europe, the practice was often tied to religious beliefs, with gemstones believed to offer divine protection and spiritual guidance. The concept of birthstones gained more widespread acceptance during the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in the United States, where jewelers began promoting them as meaningful symbols for jewelry.
December is unique in that it has five recognized birthstones, a distinction that reflects both historical continuity and modern inclusivity. The inclusion of multiple stones allows for a broader range of choices based on color, affordability, and personal symbolism.
Among the December birthstones, Turquoise and Zircon are considered the most traditional. These two stones have been used for centuries in jewelry and amulets, particularly in regions such as the Middle East and Asia. Their blue tones were thought to mirror the sky and sea, symbolizing calmness, protection, and spiritual insight. In ancient cultures, these stones were often worn as talismans to ward off negative energies and to promote mental clarity and emotional stability.
In the 20th century, Lapis Lazuli was also added to the December birthstone list, reflecting its long-standing association with wisdom and royalty. Lapis, with its deep blue color flecked with gold and white, has been found in archaeological sites as early as 7000 BCE, including in Egyptian tombs and Mesopotamian temples. It was considered a stone of truth and enlightenment, often used in ceremonial and decorative objects by the elite.
The more recent additions—Blue Topaz and Tanzanite—highlight the evolving nature of birthstone traditions. Blue Topaz was officially recognized in the 1990s, while Tanzanite, discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, was added to the December list in 2002. Tanzanite’s vibrant blue to violet hues made it an instant favorite, and its rarity—being found only in one location on Earth—further enhanced its allure.
The addition of these newer stones reflects a growing interest in incorporating gems that offer a broader spectrum of color and affordability, making December birthstones accessible to a wider audience.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological diversity of December birthstones is as rich as their historical significance. Each stone forms under distinct conditions, contributing to their unique properties and appearances.
Tanzanite is perhaps the most geologically intriguing of December’s birthstones. Discovered in 1967 near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, it is the only gemstone found in a single location in the world. Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its pleochroism—the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. Its vivid blue to violet hues are caused by trace amounts of vanadium and the way the crystal is cut. Tanzanite is relatively soft, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, which means it requires careful handling and protection from hard surfaces.
Blue Zircon, another December birthstone, is among the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4.4 billion years. Zircon is a zirconium silicate, and when it is found in blue or colorless forms, it is often heat-treated to enhance its color. The blue hue in zircon is due to the way the crystal structure interacts with radiation. Zircon is found in several countries, including Thailand, Cambodia, and Brazil, and it is known for its high refractive index and brilliant sparkle, often likened to that of diamonds.
Blue Topaz is a more recent addition to the December birthstone list, having been officially recognized in the 1990s. It is a variety of the mineral topaz, which is composed of aluminum silicate. Blue topaz is typically colorless in its natural state and is treated with irradiation or heat to produce its blue color. The most common sources of blue topaz are Brazil, Mexico, and Nigeria. Its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale makes it more durable than Tanzanite and Zircon, allowing it to be used in a wider range of jewelry settings.
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with smaller amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli comes from the presence of lazurite, while the golden flecks are due to the pyrite inclusions. Lapis lazuli has been mined for thousands of years, with the most famous deposits located in Afghanistan. It is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been used in jewelry, sculpture, and decorative arts across many cultures.
Turquoise, the most traditional of December’s birthstones, is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions where copper deposits are exposed to the weathering effects of rainwater and soil. The blue to greenish-blue color of turquoise is caused by the presence of copper, while the presence of iron can produce green tones. Turquoise is found in several countries, including the United States, China, Iran, and Egypt. It is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and it is often stabilized with resins to improve its durability.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for appreciating their beauty and ensuring their proper care. The following table summarizes the key characteristics of each stone:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Transparency | Refractive Index | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanzanite | Zoisite (CaAl(SiO₄)(OH)₂) | Blue to violet | 6–6.5 | Translucent | 1.69–1.72 | Tanzania |
| Blue Zircon | Zircon (ZrSiO₄) | Blue (heat-treated) | 7–7.5 | Transparent to Translucent | 1.92–2.01 | Thailand, Cambodia, Brazil |
| Blue Topaz | Topaz (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂) | Blue (treated) | 8 | Transparent | 1.62 | Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite (Na,Ca)₈(S,Al,Si)₆O₂₀(SO₄)·(OH,F)₂ | Deep blue with gold flecks | N/A (rock) | Opaque | N/A | Afghanistan |
| Turquoise | Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum | Blue to greenish-blue | 5–6 | Opaque | N/A | United States, Iran, China |
These properties influence not only the appearance of the stones but also their suitability for different types of jewelry. For example, Tanzanite and Blue Zircon, with their lower hardness, are best suited for earrings or pendants where they are less likely to be subjected to abrasion. Blue Topaz, with its higher hardness, can be used in rings and bracelets. Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise, being opaque and relatively soft, are often carved or inlaid into jewelry rather than faceted.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, rooted in ancient beliefs and cultural traditions.
Tanzanite is often associated with emotional healing and spiritual transformation. It is believed to help individuals overcome trauma and emotional pain by promoting inner peace and self-acceptance. In some traditions, Tanzanite is used in meditation to enhance intuition and connect the wearer with higher spiritual realms. It is also thought to encourage open communication and emotional honesty, making it a valuable stone for those seeking to resolve conflicts or improve relationships.
Blue Zircon is known for its brilliance and is sometimes called the “Star of the East.” In metaphysical circles, it is associated with wisdom, clarity, and confidence. It is believed to enhance mental focus and aid in decision-making. Zircon is also thought to provide protection from negative energies and to stimulate the immune system. In ancient times, it was used as a protective amulet by travelers and warriors.
Blue Topaz is often linked to calmness and serenity. It is considered a stone of soothing energy, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. Blue Topaz is also associated with truth and honesty, making it a popular choice for those who wish to speak their truth or seek clarity in their lives. Some traditions suggest that it can enhance psychic abilities and encourage a deeper connection to the spiritual world.
Lapis Lazuli has a long history of being associated with wisdom and truth. It is often referred to as the “stone of truth” and is believed to stimulate intellectual development and enhance problem-solving skills. In ancient Egypt, it was considered a sacred stone and was used in ceremonial jewelry and amulets. Lapis Lazuli is also associated with spiritual enlightenment and is thought to help individuals connect with their higher selves.
Turquoise is perhaps the most well-known of December’s birthstones in terms of its symbolic meaning. It has been used for thousands of years as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energies and bring good fortune. Turquoise is also associated with healing, particularly of the throat and respiratory system. In many Native American traditions, it is considered a sacred stone and is used in ceremonies and rituals. It is also believed to promote creativity, communication, and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Given the variety of hardness and durability among December birthstones, it is important to take proper care of each gemstone to preserve its beauty and longevity.
Tanzanite should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water using a soft cloth or a soft-bristled brush. It should be kept away from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures, as these can cause it to fade or become brittle. Tanzanite should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Zircon is relatively durable but can be sensitive to heat. It should be cleaned with a gentle solution of soap and water and dried with a soft cloth. It is best to avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Zircon should also be stored in a soft pouch or box to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz, with its higher hardness, is one of the more durable December birthstones. It can be cleaned with a mild detergent and warm water, and it is safe to use an ultrasonic or steam cleaner. However, it should be kept away from acidic substances, which can cause surface etching.
Lapis Lazuli is a soft stone and requires careful handling. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. It should be avoided from prolonged exposure to water or chemicals, as this can cause it to lose its luster or become discolored. Lapis Lazuli should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Turquoise is another soft stone that requires special care. It is sensitive to water, heat, and chemicals, and should be cleaned with a dry cloth or a very mild soap solution. It should never be soaked in water or exposed to high temperatures, as this can cause it to dry out or lose its color. Turquoise should be stored in a cool, dry place and kept away from other gemstones to prevent damage.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a remarkable blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient traditions that associate these gems with wisdom and protection to the modern appreciation of their vibrant colors and unique properties, each stone tells a story that resonates with December-born individuals. Whether it is the deep blue of Lapis Lazuli, the shimmering brilliance of Blue Zircon, or the ethereal hues of Tanzanite, each December birthstone carries its own charm and significance.
Choosing the right birthstone for December is a personal and meaningful decision. It can be influenced by color preference, affordability, and the symbolic meaning of the stone. With a range of options available, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and style.
As these gemstones continue to be celebrated in jewelry and personal adornment, they remain a testament to the enduring appeal of nature’s beauty and the timeless traditions that connect us to the past.